{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:18:24Z","timestamp":1791285504493,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T06:53:01Z","timestamp":1701413581000},"page":"106558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Discovering child sexual abuse material creators' behaviors and preferences on the dark web"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Vuong M.","family":"Ngo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Gajula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Thorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Mckeever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-021-00784-8","article-title":"Abusive language detection from social media comments using conventional machine learning and deep learning approaches","volume":"28","author":"Akhter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Multimedia Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0010","series-title":"The structure of style: Algorithmic approaches to understanding manner and meaning","author":"Argamon","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0015","series-title":"The 2021 international conference of the biometrics special interest group (BIOSIG)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detecting sexual predatory chats by perturbed data and balanced ensembles","author":"Borj","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439321994894","article-title":"Profiling darkweb child sexual exploitation material forum members using longitudinal posting history data","volume":"40","author":"Bruggen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Science Computer Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-020-00413-7","article-title":"Graph embeddings for abusive language detection","volume":"2","author":"Cecillon","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Computer Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0030","series-title":"The 18th international conference on hybrid artificial intelligence systems (HAIS 2023)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sentiment analysis for Vietnamese \u2013 Based hybrid deep learning models","author":"Dang","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.02.056","article-title":"Attm-cnn: Attention and metric learning based cnn for pornography, age and child sexual abuse (csa) detection in images","volume":"445","author":"Gangwar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105336","article-title":"Detecting child sexual abuse images: Traits of child sexual exploitation hosting and displaying websites","volume":"122","author":"Guerra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0045","series-title":"The 2020 IEEE Asia-Pacific conference on computer science and data engineering (CSDE)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cyberbullying detection on social networks using machine learning approaches","author":"Islam","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0050","author":"Keras-Tensorflow"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0055","unstructured":"Keras-Tensorflow (2023b). Long short term memory. https:\/\/www.tensorflow.org\/api_docs\/python\/tf\/keras\/layers\/LSTM. Version 1.1.2, accessed April 01, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0060","unstructured":"Keras-Tensorflow (2023c). Text classsification with bert. https:\/\/www.tensorflow.org\/text\/tutorials\/classify_text_with_bert. Version 1.1.2, accessed April 01, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2020.105440","article-title":"Investigating the dynamics of illegal online activity: The power of reporting, dark web, and related legislation","volume":"38","author":"Kokolaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computer Law and Security Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0070","series-title":"The 2022 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency (FAccT\u201922)","first-page":"2189","article-title":"Seeing without looking: Analysis pipeline for child sexual abuse datasets","author":"Laranjeira","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0075","article-title":"Detecting child sexual abuse material: A comprehensive survey","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0080","series-title":"The 2023 international society for the prevention of child abuse & neglect congress (ISPCAN-2023), Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, September 24-27, 2023","first-page":"1","article-title":"Determining child sexual abuse posts based on artificial intelligence","author":"Mckeever","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112871","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3103319","article-title":"An unsupervised model for identifying and characterizing dark web forums","volume":"9","author":"Nazah","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0090","article-title":"Digital forensics supported by machine learning for the detection of online sexual predatory chats","volume":"36","author":"Ngejane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0095","series-title":"The 2010 IEEE RIVF international conference on computing and communication technologies, research, innovation, and vision for the future (RIVF-2010)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Combining named entities with wordnet and using query-oriented spreading activation for semantic text search","author":"Ngo","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3465381","article-title":"An efficient classification algorithm for traditional textile patterns from different cultures based on structures","volume":"14","author":"Ngo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage (JOCCH)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0105","series-title":"The APWG.EU technical summit and researchers sync-up (APWG.EU-tech 2023)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identifying online child sexual texts in dark web through machine learning and deep learning algorithms","author":"Ngo","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0110","series-title":"Linking theory and practice of digital libraries","first-page":"60","article-title":"A semantic search engine for historical handwritten document images","volume":"12866","author":"Ngo","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0115","series-title":"The 16th IEEE international conference on computing and communication technologies (RIVF-2022)","first-page":"707","article-title":"Investigation, detection and prevention of online child sexual abuse materials: A comprehensive survey","author":"Ngo","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0120","series-title":"The tor dark net","author":"Owen","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0125","series-title":"Artificial intelligence: A modern approach","author":"Russell","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0130","series-title":"The 11th international conference on cyber conflict (CyCon)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blackwidow: Monitoring the dark web for cyber security information","volume":"900","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0135","unstructured":"Scikit-learn (2023a). C-support vector classification. https:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/modules\/generated\/sklearn.svm.SVC.html. Version 1.2.2, accessed April 01, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0140","unstructured":"Scikit-learn (2023b). Logistic regression. https:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/modules\/generated\/sklearn.linear_model.LogisticRegression.html. Version 1.3.0, accessed July 02, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0145","unstructured":"Scikit-learn (2023c). Multinomial naive bayes. https:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/modules\/generated\/sklearn.naive_bayes.MultinomialNB.html#sklearn.naive_bayes.MultinomialNB. Version 1.2.2, accessed April 01, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0150","series-title":"The 2022 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency","first-page":"58","article-title":"Learning to break deep perceptual hashing: The use case neuralhash","author":"Struppek","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aci.2018.08.003","article-title":"Classification assessment methods","volume":"17","author":"Tharwat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Computing and Informatics"},{"issue":"4D","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0160","first-page":"142","article-title":"Machine learning based english sentiment analysis","volume":"52","author":"Tran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Science and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2017.12.005","article-title":"Leveraging deep neural networks to fight child pornography in the age of social media","volume":"50","author":"Vitorino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.623668","article-title":"Characteristics and behaviors of anonymous users of dark web platforms suspected of child sexual offenses","volume":"12","author":"Woodhams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014521342300546X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014521342300546X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T01:30:20Z","timestamp":1758936620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S014521342300546X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S014521342300546X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Discovering child sexual abuse material creators' behaviors and preferences on the dark web","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106558","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106558"}}