{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T02:05:16Z","timestamp":1792548316919,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,21]],"date-time":"2024-01-21T05:15:34Z","timestamp":1705814134000},"page":"106586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Pathways of Care: A longitudinal study of children in care in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"Judith","family":"Cashmore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Wulczyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105323","article-title":"Screening for trauma and behavioral health needs in child welfare: Practice implications for promoting placement stability","volume":"122","author":"Akin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb3015","article-title":"Influence of placement stability on developmental outcomes of children and young people in out-of-home care: Findings from the Pathways of Care Longitudinal Study","author":"Asif","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0010","series-title":"AIATSIS code of ethics for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander research","author":"Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS)","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0025","series-title":"Child welfare series no. 76. Cat. no. CWS 85","article-title":"Adoptions Australia 2020\u201321","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW)","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0030","series-title":"Child protection Australia 2021\u201322","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW)","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.11.011","article-title":"Disentangling the effect of out-of-home care on child mental health","volume":"88","author":"Baldwin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0040","article-title":"Research to consider prior to effectively re-designing child welfare services","author":"Barth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research on Social Work Practice"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/15548732.2020.1814541","article-title":"Outcomes following child welfare services: What are they and do they differ for Black children?","volume":"14","author":"Barth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Public Child Welfare"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01372.x","article-title":"Estimating the \u2018impact\u2019 of out-of-home placement on child well-being: Approaching the problem of selection bias","volume":"80","author":"Berger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0055","first-page":"1110","article-title":"Positive childhood experiences and adult mental and relational health in a statewide sample associations across adverse childhood experiences levels","volume":"173","author":"Bethel","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0060","series-title":"Child welfare and child well-being: New perspectives from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being","article-title":"Study design and methods","author":"Biemer","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0070","series-title":"Handbook of child psychology: Vol 1: Theoretical models of human development","first-page":"793","article-title":"The bioecological model of human development","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb2015","series-title":"The SAGE Handbook of Child Research","first-page":"316","article-title":"Children living away from home","author":"Cashmore","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb3035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106246","article-title":"Outcomes for children with disability in out-of-home care: evidence from the pathways of care longitudinal study in Australia","volume":"143","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249088","article-title":"Research using population-based administration data integrated with longitudinal data in child protection settings: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Chikwava","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0080","series-title":"Australia\u2019s Children\u2019s Courts today and tomorrow","first-page":"187","article-title":"Care and protection: Australia and the international context","author":"Connolly","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb4005","series-title":"Construction and validation of the Parenting Style Inventory II","author":"Darling","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0085","series-title":"Indigenous data sovereignty","first-page":"25","article-title":"Data and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples","author":"Davis","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0090","series-title":"Family is culture: Independent review of Aboriginal children in out-of-home care","author":"Davis","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.5.1583","article-title":"Child protection outcomes: Measuring the effects of foster care","volume":"97","author":"Doyle","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.03.014","article-title":"Causal effects of foster care: An instrumental-variables approach","volume":"35","author":"Doyle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0105","series-title":"Child protection systems across the world","article-title":"Child protection systems: A global typology","author":"Duerr Berrick","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb2020","series-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 4th ed. (PPVT-4)","author":"Dunn","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0110","series-title":"Service needs and uptake amongst children in out-of-home care and their carers. Pathways of Care Longitudinal Study: Outcomes of children and young people in out-of-home care","author":"Eastman","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2307\/2786971","article-title":"Time, human agency, and social change: Perspectives on the life course","volume":"57","author":"Elder","year":"1994","journal-title":"Social Psychology Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06128.x","article-title":"The life course as developmental theory","volume":"69","author":"Elder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcm028","article-title":"Unravelling emotional, behavioural and educational outcomes in a longitudinal study of children in foster-care","volume":"38","author":"Fernandez","year":"2008","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Work"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/03054985.2019.1612345","article-title":"Working towards better education for children in care: Longitudinal analysis of the educational outcomes of a cohort of children in care in Australia","volume":"45","author":"Fernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxford Review of Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb3005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006700","article-title":"The performance of the K6 and K10 screening scales for psychological distress in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being","volume":"33","author":"Furukawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559516657637","article-title":"Developmental outcomes of foster children: A meta-analytic comparison with children from the general population and children at risk who remained at home","volume":"21","author":"Goemans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.02.003","article-title":"Over three decades of longitudinal research on the development of foster children: A meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Goemans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0145","first-page":"170","article-title":"Temporary stays and persistent gains: The causal effects of foster care","volume":"14","author":"Gross","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb2025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2002.00378.x","article-title":"Behavioural knowledge, causal beliefs and self-efficacy as predictors of special educators\u2019 emotional reactions to challenging behaviours","volume":"46","author":"Hastings","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb3020","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of socio-emotional outcomes of children and young people in out-of-home care\u2013Insights from data of Pathways of Care Longitudinal Study (POCLS)","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0150","series-title":"Bringing them home: National Inquiry into the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families","author":"Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission","year":"1997"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.01.008","article-title":"Untangling the relative contribution of maltreatment severity and frequency to type of behavioral outcome in foster youth","volume":"38","author":"Jackson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb3010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006074","article-title":"Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in nonspecific psychological distress","volume":"32","author":"Kessler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/0312407X.2018.1454485","article-title":"\u201cWe live and breathe through culture\u201d: Conceptualising cultural connection for Indigenous Australian children in out-of-home care","volume":"71","author":"Krakouer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Australian Social Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0165","series-title":"Children and the law in Australia","first-page":"83","article-title":"Developmental science, child development and the law","author":"Lawrence","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb3030","first-page":"106577","article-title":"Infants entering out-of-home care: Health, developmental needs and service provision","author":"Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb3040","first-page":"106058","article-title":"Restoration from out-of-home care for Aboriginal children: Evidence from the pathways of care longitudinal study and experiences of parents and children","author":"Newton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0175","series-title":"Study design and data user guide. Pathways of Care Longitudinal Study: Outcomes of children and young people in out-of-home care","author":"NSW Department of Communities and Justice","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb4000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9507.00097","article-title":"The association of behavioural adjustment to temperament, parenting and family characteristics among 5-year-old children","volume":"8","author":"Paterson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Social Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0180","series-title":"Straight and devious pathways from childhood to adulthood","year":"1990"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.62.5.928","article-title":"Beyond longitudinal data: Causes, consequences, changes, and continuity","volume":"62","author":"Rutter","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-7409(00)00116-X","article-title":"Children in substitute care: Some conceptual considerations and research implications","volume":"22","author":"Rutter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb3045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105586","article-title":"Exploring the impact of child and placement characteristics, carer resources, perceptions and life stressors on caregiving and well-being","volume":"127","author":"Ryder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0195","series-title":"The transactional model of development: How children and contexts shape each other","first-page":"3","article-title":"The transactional model","author":"Sameroff","year":"2009"},{"issue":"5328","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb2030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5328.918","article-title":"Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy","volume":"277","author":"Sampson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0200","series-title":"The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander child placement principle: A guide to implementation","author":"Secretariat of National Aboriginal and Islander Child Care (SNAICC)","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0205","series-title":"The family matters report 2021","author":"Secretariat of National Aboriginal and Islander Child Care (SNAICC)","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb2010","series-title":"Foster children: Where they go and how they get on","author":"Sinclair","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb2035","series-title":"Manual for foster parent research measures: Motivations for foster parenting inventory, attitudes toward foster parenting inventory, and satisfaction with foster parenting inventory","author":"Stockdale","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb5000","article-title":"Contact with mothers for children in out-of-home-care: Group-based trajectory modelling from the Pathways of Care\u00a0Longitudinal Study (POCLS)","author":"Suomi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Abuse & neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.07.002","article-title":"Rates of meaningful change in the mental health of children in long-term out-of-home care: A seven- to nine-year prospective study","volume":"72","author":"Tarren-Sweeney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0215","article-title":"\u201cI\u2019m glad that I was given a second chance to live\u201d: The buffering impact of turning points in the lives of young people with foster care experience","author":"Taussig","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal on Child Maltreatment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.1.e10","article-title":"Children who return home from foster care: A 6-year prospective study of behavioral health outcomes in adolescence","volume":"108","author":"Taussig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0225","series-title":"The adapted Kvebaek family sculpture technique and closeness measures: Data user guide","author":"Taylor","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb3025","article-title":"Trajectories for children and young people who experience out-of- home care: Examining the influences of pre-care characteristics on later wellbeing and placement stability","author":"Wade","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb2005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/10497315211065418","article-title":"Are the average effects of foster care placement really close to zero?","volume":"32","author":"Wakefield","year":"2022","journal-title":"Research on Social Work Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb4050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/ajs4.141","article-title":"Indigenous data sovereignty in the era of big data and open data","volume":"56","author":"Walter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2014.08.018","article-title":"Application of the life course perspective in child welfare research","volume":"46","author":"White","year":"2014","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0240","article-title":"Comparative analysis of third-party permanency orders legislation in Australia","author":"Wright","year":"2022","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0245","first-page":"67","article-title":"Adoption in Australia: Past, present and considerations for the future","volume":"95","author":"Wright","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australian Law Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716220976535","article-title":"Foster care in a life course perspective","volume":"692","author":"Wulczyn","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0255","series-title":"Beyond common sense: Child welfare, child well-being, and the evidence for policy reform","author":"Wulczyn","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0260","series-title":"Human capital formation during childhood: Foundations of the Pathways of Care Longitudinal Study","author":"Wulczyn","year":"2018"},{"issue":"Part 1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb0265","article-title":"Human capital and child protection: A research framework in the CRC context","volume":"119","author":"Wulczyn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586_bb4020","series-title":"Parenting measures in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children: Construct validity and measurement quality, Waves 1 to 4","author":"Zubrick","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213423005744?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213423005744?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T17:20:39Z","timestamp":1726766439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213423005744"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["S0145213423005744"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pathways of Care: A longitudinal study of children in care in Australia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106586","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106586"}}