{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:16Z","timestamp":1785801616026,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000910","name":"Conrad N Hilton Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000910","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012762","name":"Walter S Johnson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018140","name":"California Department of Social Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018140","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T19:25:38Z","timestamp":1755977138000},"page":"107638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"P1","title":["Foster care policy and homelessness among youth transitioning to adulthood from foster care"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Courtney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunggeun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin S.","family":"Harty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0010","series-title":"Foster youth to independence initiative: Implementation and evolution","author":"Ault","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2015.06.007","article-title":"Experiences and needs of homeless youth with a history of foster care","volume":"55","author":"Bender","year":"2015","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.06.018","article-title":"Housing experiences of former foster youth: How do they fare in comparison to other youth?","volume":"33","author":"Berzin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb9005","author":"California Child Welfare Indicators Project"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb9010","series-title":"All county letter No. 23-65: Aid to families with dependent children\u2014Foster care California necessities index increases","author":"California Department of Social Services","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0090","first-page":"3","article-title":"The difficult transition to adulthood for foster youth in the US: Implications for the state as corporate parent","volume":"23","author":"Courtney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Social Policy Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb9015","series-title":"Findings from the California Youth Transitions to Adulthood Study (CalYOUTH): Conditions of foster youth at age 17","author":"Courtney","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2206.2006.00433.x","article-title":"Early outcomes for young adults transitioning from out-of-home care in the USA","volume":"11","author":"Courtney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child & Family Social Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0100","series-title":"Midwest evaluation of the adult functioning of former foster youth from Illinois: Outcomes at age 19","author":"Courtney","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb9025","series-title":"Memo from CalYOUTH: Early findings on the relationship between extended foster care and youths\u2019 outcomes at age 19","author":"Courtney","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb9020","series-title":"Findings from the California Youth Transitions to Adulthood Study (CalYOUTH): Conditions of youth at age 19","author":"Courtney","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb9040","series-title":"Findings from the California Youth Transitions to Adulthood Study (CalYOUTH): Conditions of youth at age 23","author":"Courtney","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb9030","series-title":"Report from CalYOUTH: Findings on the relationships between extended foster care and youths\u2019 outcomes at age 21","author":"Courtney","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb9035","series-title":"Report from CalYOUTH: Findings on the relationships between extended foster care and youths\u2019 outcomes at age 23","author":"Courtney","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0105","series-title":"Planning a next-generation evaluation agenda for the John H. Chafee Foster Care Independence Program. OPRE Report #2017-96","author":"Courtney","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-014-0346-4","article-title":"Housing and social support for youth aging out of foster care: State of the research literature and directions for future inquiry","volume":"32","author":"Curry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-062227","article-title":"Homelessness among sexual minority youth","volume":"152","author":"Deal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0120","first-page":"23","article-title":"Homelessness and the transition from foster care to adulthood","volume":"88","author":"Dworsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Welfare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0125","series-title":"Housing for young adults in federally funded extended foster care: Best practices for states. OPRE Report #2018-24","author":"Dworsky","year":"2017"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S318","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301455","article-title":"Homelessness during the transition from foster care to adulthood","volume":"103","author":"Dworsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb9045","series-title":"Memo from CalYOUTH: Youth characteristics and predominant placement type between ages 18 and 21","author":"Feng","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb9050","series-title":"Researchers find association between participation in extended foster care and reduced risk of homelessness \u2013 Chapin","author":"Feng","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb9055","article-title":"California is the U.S. capital for homelessness. What will it take to turn that around?","author":"Fonseca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Los Angeles Times"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.03.017","article-title":"Homelessness and aging out of foster care: A national comparison of child welfare-involved adolescents","volume":"77","author":"Fowler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.142547","article-title":"Pathways to and from homelessness and associated psychosocial outcomes among adolescents leaving the foster care system","volume":"99","author":"Fowler","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-019-00530-5","article-title":"Forty years of research on predictors of homelessness","volume":"56","author":"Giano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Community Mental Health Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0150","series-title":"Foster care: States with approval to extend care provide independent living options for youth up to age 21 (GAO-19-411)","author":"Government Accountability Office","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.107002","article-title":"Residential mobility for young adults in extended foster care","volume":"156","author":"Hammond","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0160","series-title":"Investing in the health and well-being of young adults","author":"IOM (Institute of Medicine)","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb9060","series-title":"Increased monthly payments for foster youth placed in supervised independent living placements (SILP): Adopted in California\u2019s rate reform effective 2027","author":"John Burton Advocates for Youth","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.104589","article-title":"Risk and protective factors contributing to homelessness among foster care youth: An analysis of the National Youth in Transition Database","volume":"108","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.10.006","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of youth homelessness in the United States","volume":"62","author":"Morton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb9065","series-title":"Partnership and the politics of care: Advocates\u2019 role in passing and implementing California\u2019s law to extend foster care","author":"Mosley","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb9070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104629","article-title":"Predictors of remaining in foster care after age 18","volume":"108","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb9075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595221088226","article-title":"County-level factors matter: The role of contextual factors in foster youths\u2019 extended foster care participation and human capital outcomes","volume":"28","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0175","series-title":"Improving family foster care: Findings from the Northwest Foster Care Alumni Study","author":"Pecora","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0180","series-title":"Housing assistance for youth who have aged out of foster care: The role of the Chafee Foster Care Independence Program","author":"Pergamit","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2019.05.004","article-title":"Effects of individual risk and state housing factors on adverse outcomes in a national sample of youth transitioning out of foster care","volume":"74","author":"Prince","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0190","first-page":"727","article-title":"Transition from care: Status and outcomes of youth who age out of foster care","volume":"82","author":"Reilly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Welfare"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1601600404","article-title":"Estimating survival functions after stcox with time-varying coefficients","volume":"16","author":"Ruhe","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Stata Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1086\/717434","article-title":"Theorizing a social ecology of displacement: Structural-, relational-, and individual-level conditions of homelessness among young people","volume":"95","author":"Samuels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Social Service Review"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12098","article-title":"Predicting homelessness among emerging adults aging out of foster care","volume":"60","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-015-9573-y","article-title":"Resilience among older adolescents in foster care: The impact of risk and protective factors","volume":"14","author":"Shpiegel","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2015.12.012","article-title":"Functional outcomes among sexual minority youth emancipating from the child welfare system","volume":"61","author":"Shpiegel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2012.10.019","article-title":"Transitioning youth: Policies and outcomes","volume":"35","author":"Stott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0245","series-title":"Advancing opportunities for youth aging out of foster care with supervised independent living programs (SILPs)","author":"Tuyishime","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638_bb0250","series-title":"The 2023 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR to Congress) Part 1: Point-in-time estimates of homelessness, December 2023","author":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213425003941?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213425003941?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]],"date-time":"2026-05-24T09:51:47Z","timestamp":1779616307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213425003941"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0145213425003941"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Foster care policy and homelessness among youth transitioning to adulthood from foster care","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107638","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107638"}}