{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:12:15Z","timestamp":1788469935794,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/50\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T16:22:53Z","timestamp":1776097373000},"page":"108025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Risk and safety of children and youth in child protection systems: A systematic review of risk assessment instruments"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"176","author":[{"given":"Paulo","family":"Correia Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000188","article-title":"Risk factors for child sexual abuse victimization: A meta-analytic review","volume":"145","author":"Assink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-020-00252-3","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for child maltreatment: A review","volume":"7","author":"Austin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Epidemiology Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0015","first-page":"348","article-title":"Risk assessment in child protection: A review of tools and their psychometric properties","volume":"30","author":"Baird","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse Review"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.04.017","article-title":"Concept guided risk assessment: Promoting prediction and understanding","volume":"33","author":"Baumann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2485","article-title":"A cross-country comparison of child welfare systems and workers\u2019 responses to children appearing to be at risk or in need of help","volume":"26","author":"Berrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0035","first-page":"134","article-title":"Child-centred risk assessments in family violence cases: Identifying need for immediate intervention","volume":"12","author":"Brem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Child Protection Practice"},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s42448-021-00079-5","article-title":"Characteristics of an effective child protection system in the European and international contexts","volume":"4","author":"Bruning","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal on Child Maltreatment: Research, Policy and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.14198\/ALTERN.21964","article-title":"Dise\u00f1o e implementaci\u00f3n de la herramienta DAP 360\u00b0 para la evaluaci\u00f3n del riesgo y desprotecci\u00f3n en la infancia y adolescencia","volume":"30","author":"Carbonell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alternativas. Cuadernos De Trabajo Social"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0055","series-title":"The structured decision making model: An evidence-based approach to human services","author":"Children\u2019\u2019s Research Center","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2012.09.020","article-title":"Actuarial risk assessment in child protective services: Construction methodology and performance criteria","volume":"35","author":"Coohey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb5000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.08.006","article-title":"Reliability analysis for a proposed critical appraisal tool demonstrated value for diverse research designs","volume":"65","author":"Crowe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb3000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.04.007","article-title":"Development of an instrument to understand the child protective services decision-making process, with a focus on placement decisions","volume":"49","author":"Dettlaff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010622","article-title":"Childhood prevalence of involvement with the child protection system in Quebec: A longitudinal study","volume":"20","author":"Esposito","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0075","series-title":"Child protection systems. International trends and orientations","author":"Gilbert","year":"2011"},{"issue":"9658","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61707-9","article-title":"Recognising and responding to child maltreatment","volume":"373","author":"Gilbert","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-018-9600-1","article-title":"Assessment and decision-making in child protective services: Risk situations kept-at-home versus out-of-home care","volume":"12","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Indicators Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/ajs4.306","article-title":"Child, parent and contextual factors associated with child protection system involvement and child maltreatment in the family: A rapid evidence review","volume":"59","author":"Higgins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Social Issues"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1300\/J479v01n01_05","article-title":"Issues in risk assessment in child protective services","volume":"1","author":"Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Public Child Welfare"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0105","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Cumulative prevalence of onset and recurrence of child maltreatment reports","volume":"58","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.08.013","article-title":"Commentary on decision-making and judgments in child maltreatment prevention and response: An overview","volume":"49","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb3005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-453","volume":"15","author":"Macdonald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0115","first-page":"72","article-title":"Child maltreatment, abuse, and neglect: An umbrella review of their prevalence and definitions","volume":"20","author":"Massullo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"105887","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0120","first-page":"1","article-title":"The evidence base for risk assessment tools used in U.S. child protection investigations: A systematic scoping review","volume":"134","author":"McNellan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.09.004","article-title":"Risk assessment with actuarial and clinical methods: Measurement and evidence-based practice","volume":"61","author":"Mendoza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0130","series-title":"Assessing risk: A comparison of tools for child welfare practice with indigenous families","author":"Mickelson","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement","volume":"8","author":"Moher","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.021","article-title":"Culture and context in understanding child maltreatment: Contributions of intersectionality and neighborhood-based research","volume":"41","author":"Nadan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"106761","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0145","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development and content validation of a comprehensive tool for assessing risk and protective factors in children and adolescents: The ACRAM","volume":"145","author":"Navarro-P\u00e9rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2047","article-title":"Classification accuracy of actuarial risk assessment instruments","volume":"31","author":"Neller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb5555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0155","series-title":"A comparison of an actuarial risk prediction measure (Static-99) and a stable dynamic risk prediction measure (Stable-2000) in making risk predictions for a group of sexual offenders","author":"Saum","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2004.11.007","article-title":"The next step: Integrating actuarial risk assessment and clinical judgment into an evidence-based practice framework in CPS case management","volume":"27","author":"Shlonsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-007-0079-0","article-title":"The use of risk assessment to predict recurrent maltreatment: A Classification and Regression Tree Analysis (CART)","volume":"9","author":"Sledjeski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb3010","series-title":"Child Protection Children Systems Strengthening","year":"2021"},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.09.016","article-title":"Predicting child maltreatment: A meta-analysis of the predictive validity of risk assessment instruments","volume":"73","author":"Van der Put","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb6000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-019-01536-z","article-title":"Safety and risk assessment in child welfare: A reliability study using multiple measures","volume":"28","author":"Vial","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb7000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105047","article-title":"Validation and further development of a risk assessment instrument for child welfare","volume":"117","author":"Vial","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0175","series-title":"Risk assessment in child welfare: An issues paper","author":"White","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0180","first-page":"641","article-title":"A systematic review of interventions for children with a history of maltreatment","volume":"38","author":"Woolfenden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child: Care, Health and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0185","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221134634","article-title":"Parental risk and protective factors in child maltreatment: A systematic review of the evidence","volume":"24","author":"Younas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108281","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000}}],"container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213426001456?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213426001456?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:12:33Z","timestamp":1788466353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213426001456"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S0145213426001456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Risk and safety of children and youth in child protection systems: A systematic review of risk assessment instruments","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108025","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108025"}}