{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:16:30Z","timestamp":1783102590475,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T04:39:50Z","timestamp":1777005590000},"page":"108070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Early exposure to child sexual abuse material: Prevalence, circumstances and psychosocial functioning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"176","author":[{"given":"Tess","family":"Dieseth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tegan","family":"Insoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Vaaranen-Valkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Lundrigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0005","series-title":"Conventional methods","first-page":"6","article-title":"Conventional methods","author":"Allison","year":"2002"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0010","first-page":"925","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 online pornography exposure and its relationship to sociodemographic and psychopathological correlates: A Cross-sectional study in six European countries","volume":"8","author":"Andrie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0015","article-title":"Pathways and prevention for indecent images of children offending: A qualitative study","volume":"17","author":"Bailey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sexual offending"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0020","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of viewing online child sexual abuse material among Australian adults","volume":"682","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0025","series-title":"The world wide web conference","first-page":"2601","article-title":"Rethinking the detection of child sexual abuse imagery on the internet","author":"Bursztein","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0030","unstructured":"Children's Commissioner for England, (2023) \u2018A lot of it is actually just abuse: Young people and pornography\u2019. Available at: https:\/\/assets.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk\/wpuploads\/2023\/02\/cc-a-lot-of-it-is-actually-just-abuse-young-people-and-pornography-updated.pdf. (Accessed 05.05.25)."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595251314035","article-title":"Characteristics of child sexual abuse material in peer-to-peer networks and predictors of its severity: Insights from filenames","volume":"30","author":"Cross","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/laws9040028","article-title":"\u201cOur laws have not caught up with the technology\u201d: Understanding challenges and facilitators in investigating and prosecuting child sexual abuse materials in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Cullen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laws"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sexol.2018.04.001","article-title":"Exposure to online sexual materials in adolescence and desensitization to sexual content","volume":"27","author":"Daneback","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sexologies\u00a0: European journal of sexology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0050","unstructured":"Europol (2024) Internet organised crime threat assessment. Available at: https:\/\/www.europol.europa.eu\/cms\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/IOCTA%202024%20-%20EN_0.pdf (Accessed: 14.02.25)."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11757-023-00790-8","article-title":"Child sexual abuse material on the darknet","volume":"17","author":"Gannon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0060","unstructured":"Global Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse (2023) Assessing the scale and scope of child sexual exploitation and abuse online, to transform the response. Available at: https:\/\/www.weprotect.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Global-Threat-Assessment-2023-English.pdf (Accessed: 16.11.24)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021497","article-title":"Males\u2019 lived experience with self-perceived pornography addiction: A qualitative study of problematic porn use","volume":"20","author":"Hanseder","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1007\/s11896-023-09611-4","article-title":"Users of online child sexual abuse material","volume":"38","author":"Huikuri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0075","unstructured":"Insoll T, Ovaska A & Vaaranen-Valkonen N,. (2021) CSAM Users in the Dark Web: Protecting Children Through Prevention. Available at: https:\/\/www.suojellaanlapsia.fi\/en\/post\/csam-users-in-the-dark-web-protecting-children-through-prevention (Accessed 20.10.23)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-022-02401-9","article-title":"Exposure to sexually explicit materials and feelings after exposure among adolescents in nine European countries: The role of individual factors and social characteristics","volume":"52","author":"Lebed\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2023","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12197","article-title":"Annual research review: Harms experienced by child users of online and mobile technologies: The nature, prevalence and management of sexual and aggressive risks in the digital age","volume":"55","author":"Livingstone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb3005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1080\/00224490903151374","article-title":"Lust, love, and life: A qualitative study of swedish adolescents\u2019 perceptions and experiences with pornography","volume":"47","author":"L\u00f6fgren-M\u00e5rtenson","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Sex Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0090","unstructured":"Martellozo, E., Monaghan, A., Adles, J.D., Leyva, R. and Horvath, M.A.H (2016) I Wasn't Sure It Was Normal to Watch It... A Quantitative and Qualitative Examination of the Impact of Online Pornography on the Values, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours of Children and Young People. Available at: https:\/\/dera.ioe.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/27973\/1\/MDX%20NSPCC%20OCC%20pornography%20report%20June%202016.pdf (Accessed: 04.05.24)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0095","article-title":"Viewing child sexual abuse material for the first time: Findings from an anonymous survey of internet users","volume":"10790632251326550","author":"Napier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0100","unstructured":"Napier, S.S. (2022) Age and circumstances of onset to Child Sexual Abuse Material viewing characteristics of consumers: findings from an anonymous online survey of internet users. Available at: https:\/\/ses.library.usyd.edu.au\/handle\/2123\/29961 (Accessed 10.12.23)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0105","article-title":"Characteristics that predict exposure to and subsequent intentional viewing of child sexual abuse material among a community sample of internet users","volume":"156, Article 106977","author":"Napier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124296","article-title":"Reactions to unsolicited violent, and sexual, explicit media content shared over social media: Gender differences and links with prior exposure","volume":"17","author":"Nicklin","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0115","article-title":"Investigating child sexual abuse material availability, searches, and users on the anonymous Tor network for a public health intervention strategy","volume":"14(1), Article 7849","author":"Nurmi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2016.1143441","article-title":"Adolescents and pornography: A review of 20 years of research","volume":"53","author":"Peter","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Sex Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb3010","series-title":"Protect Children (2024) About us","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0130","unstructured":"Setter, C., Greene, N., Newman, N. And Perry, J. (2021). \u201cGlobal Threat Assessment.\u201d. Available on: https:\/\/www.weprotect.org\/global-threat-assessment-21\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-021-00390-8","article-title":"Problematic pornography use: Legal and health policy considerations","volume":"8","author":"Sharpe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Addiction Reports"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-022-01992-x","article-title":"Associations between adolescents watching pornography and poor mental health in three Swedish surveys","volume":"32","author":"Svedin","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0145","article-title":"The relationship between pornography use and harmful sexual behaviours","author":"Upton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Available at"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0150","author":"US National Center for Missing and Exploited Children"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0155","author":"WeProtect Global Alliance"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1891","article-title":"Unwanted and wanted exposure to online pornography in a National Sample of youth internet users","volume":"119","author":"Wolak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics (Evanston)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070_bb3000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.106936","article-title":"Accessing child sexual abuse material: Pathways to offending and online behaviour","volume":"154","author":"Wortley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213426001900?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213426001900?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T17:33:28Z","timestamp":1783100008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213426001900"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S0145213426001900"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Early exposure to child sexual abuse material: Prevalence, circumstances and psychosocial functioning","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108070","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108070"}}