{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T03:51:20Z","timestamp":1793937080807,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005977","name":"Kaiser Permanente","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T22:08:15Z","timestamp":1780610895000},"page":"108104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Early childhood risk of physical abuse with isolated subconjunctival hemorrhages"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Tricia M.","family":"Tayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Samiezade-Yazd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Young-Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Lindberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Maleknia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Greeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Damrose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Anne","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mich\u00e8le","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/22.172","article-title":"Comparing Kaiser Permanente members to the general population: Implications for generalizability of research","volume":"27","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Permanente Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182984831","article-title":"Mortality increases with recurrent episodes of nonaccidental trauma in children","volume":"75","author":"Deans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e318280d663","article-title":"Subconjunctival hemorrhages in infants and children: A sign of nonaccidental trauma","volume":"29","author":"DeRidder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatric Emergency Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1503","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000002100","article-title":"Identifying predictors of physical abuse evaluation of injured infants: Opportunities to improve recognition","volume":"37","author":"Eismann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatric Emergency Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001574","article-title":"Providers\u2019 ability to identify sentinel injuries concerning for physical abuse in infants","volume":"37","author":"Eismann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatric Emergency Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001311","article-title":"A prospective study of the causes of bruises in premobile infants","volume":"36","author":"Feldman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatric Emergency Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0035","series-title":"Updated trends in child maltreatment, 2021","author":"Finkelhor","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.6.1658","article-title":"Does valsalva retinopathy occur in infants? An initial investigation in infants with vomiting caused by pyloric stenosis","volume":"113","author":"Herr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chipro.2025.100242","article-title":"How often do bruised pre-mobile infants subsequently sustain abuse?","volume":"7","author":"Hewes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Protection and Practice"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.7.621","article-title":"Analysis of missed cases of abusive head trauma","volume":"281","author":"Jenny","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0055","author":"Kaiser Permanente"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000003029","article-title":"Defining sentinel injuries of suspected child abuse by age using International Classification of Diseases-10: A Delphi study","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatric Emergency Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W603","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.12532","article-title":"Classic metaphyseal lesions","volume":"202","author":"Kleinman","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000003293","article-title":"Subconjunctival hemorrhages are rare among infants with cough and gastrointestinal conditions","volume":"41","author":"Koti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatric Emergency Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.09.001","article-title":"Prior opportunities to identify abuse in children with abusive head trauma","volume":"60","author":"Letson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.05.038","article-title":"What will it take to achieve routine screening for abuse?","volume":"236","author":"Lindberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1487","article-title":"Testing for abuse in children with sentinel injuries","volume":"136","author":"Lindberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2024.04.025","article-title":"Routine emergency department screening to decrease subsequent physical abuse","volume":"84","author":"Lindberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0095","article-title":"Sentinel injuries in emergency departments and subsequent serious injury in children","author":"Mitrano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e31818e9f5d","article-title":"Fatal abusive head trauma cases: Consequence of medical staff missing milder forms of physical abuse","volume":"24","author":"Oral","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatric Emergency Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1428","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000002795","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of subconjunctival hemorrhage in children","volume":"38","author":"Parikh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatric Emergency Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.5832","article-title":"Validation of a clinical decision rule to predict abuse in Young children based on bruising characteristics","volume":"4","author":"Pierce","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0115","article-title":"Single bruise characteristics associated with abusive vs accidental injury","volume":"18","author":"Raut","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2780","article-title":"Sentinel injuries in infants evaluated for child physical abuse","volume":"131","author":"Sheets","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2004.10.003","article-title":"Isolated subconjunctival hemorrhages in nonaccidental trauma","volume":"9","author":"Spitzer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of AAPOS"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.153.4.399","article-title":"Bruises in infants and toddlers: Those who don\u2019t cruise rarely bruise. Puget Sound Pediatric Research Network","volume":"153","author":"Sugar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.11.073","article-title":"Improved detection of child maltreatment with routine screening in a tertiary care pediatric hospital","volume":"243","author":"Suresh","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181568039","article-title":"Frena tears and abusive head injury: A cautionary tale","volume":"23","author":"Thackeray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatric Emergency Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0145","author":"US Department of Health & Human Services"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e468","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000002436","article-title":"Injuries suggestive of physical abuse in young children with subconjunctival hemorrhages","volume":"38","author":"Wolford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatric Emergency Care"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108191","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000}}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213426002243?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213426002243?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T10:38:57Z","timestamp":1786012737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213426002243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S0145213426002243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Early childhood risk of physical abuse with isolated subconjunctival hemorrhages","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108104","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108104"}}