{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T02:17:07Z","timestamp":1793672227653,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006585","name":"Fairleigh Dickinson University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006585","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008577","name":"John Jay College of Criminal Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008577","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006462","name":"City University of New York","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006462","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004870","name":"Research Foundation of CUNY","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004870","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T04:28:23Z","timestamp":1781670503000},"page":"108174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Examining sexual grooming behaviors of children: Variations by relationship to the perpetrator"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth L.","family":"Jeglic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia M.","family":"Winters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin N.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian A.","family":"Steedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Rasol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2865","article-title":"Stereotypes and unconscious bias in institutional child sexual abuse: Barriers to identification, reporting and prevention","volume":"33","author":"Arnold","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Abuse Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595241290765","article-title":"Child sexual abuse and boundary violating behaviors in youth serving organizations: National prevalence and distribution by organizational type","volume":"30","author":"Assini-Meytin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0015","series-title":"The juvenile sex offender","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb3000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721419898122","article-title":"Regaining consensus on the reliability of memory","volume":"29","author":"Brewin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"10492","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00311-3","article-title":"Prevalence of sexual violence against children and age at first exposure: A global analysis by location, age, and sex (1990\u20132023)","volume":"405","author":"Cagney","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0025","series-title":"Child abuse and neglect prevention: About child sexual abuse","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0030","series-title":"Preventing sexual violence where it most often occurs: An investigation of the situational and structural components of child sexual abuse in residential settings","author":"Colombino","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2010.522493","article-title":"Child sexual abuse myths: Attitudes, beliefs, and individual differences","volume":"19","author":"Cromer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1080\/13218719.2020.1837031","article-title":"Adult memory for specific instances of a repeated event: A preliminary review","volume":"28","author":"Dilevski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry, Psychology and Law"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279720","article-title":"Data quality in online human-subjects research: Comparisons between MTurk, Prolific, CloudResearch, Qualtrics, and SONA","volume":"18","author":"Douglas","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(95)00017-3","article-title":"Child sexual abuse prevention: What offenders tell us","volume":"19","author":"Elliott","year":"1995","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-026-02436-1","article-title":"A systematic review of the global and regional estimates of the prevalence of sexual violence against children","author":"Fang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.03.013","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse and adult developmental outcomes: Findings from a 30-year longitudinal study in New Zealand","volume":"37","author":"Fergusson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0065","first-page":"1","article-title":"Juveniles who commit sex offenses against minors","volume":"227763","author":"Finkelhor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Juvenile Justice Bulletin. NCJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.12.026","article-title":"The lifetime prevalence of child sexual abuse and sexual assault assessed in late adolescence","volume":"55","author":"Finkelhor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.190009","article-title":"A meta-analysis of disparities in childhood sexual abuse, parental physical abuse, and peer victimization among sexual minority and non-sexual minority individuals","volume":"101","author":"Friedman","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579422001146","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse and pervasive problems across multiple life domains: Findings from a five-decade study","volume":"36","author":"Guiney","year":"2024","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30286-X","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of childhood sexual abuse: An umbrella review","volume":"6","author":"Hailes","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"23\u201324","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0095","first-page":"NP23131","article-title":"Rape stereotype acceptance in the general population of England and Wales","volume":"37","author":"Hermolle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsp118","article-title":"Long-term physical health consequences of childhood sexual abuse: A meta-analytic review","volume":"35","author":"Irish","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/10790632221096421","article-title":"The nature and scope of educator misconduct in K-12","volume":"35","author":"Jeglic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105998","article-title":"Identification of red flag child sexual grooming behaviors","volume":"136","author":"Jeglic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0115","first-page":"1","article-title":"The sexual grooming behaviors of youth who engage in harmful sexual behaviors","author":"Jeglic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2016.1139034","article-title":"The prevalence of paraphilic interests and behaviors in the general population: A provincial survey","volume":"54","author":"Joyal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Sex Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.1.176","article-title":"Age of onset of child maltreatment predicts long-term mental health outcomes","volume":"116","author":"Kaplow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0130","first-page":"NP3585","article-title":"Unspoken: Child\u2013perpetrator dynamic in the context of intrafamilial child sexual abuse","volume":"37","author":"Katz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.09.014","article-title":"Disclosing unwanted sexual experiences: Results from a national sample of adolescent women","volume":"28","author":"Kogan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.02.020","article-title":"The economic burden of child sexual abuse in the United States","volume":"79","author":"Letourneau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01505.x","article-title":"Children\u2019s reasoning about disclosing adult transgressions: Effects of maltreatment, child age, and adult identity","volume":"81","author":"Lyon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106562","article-title":"Child sexual abuse by different classes and types of perpetrator: Prevalence and trends from an Australian national survey","volume":"147","author":"Mathews","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2017.01.006","article-title":"Beyond the Turk: Alternative platforms for crowdsourcing behavioral research","volume":"70","author":"Peer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0160","series-title":"Preventing child sexual abuse within youth-serving organizations: Getting started on policies and procedures","author":"Saul","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.04.001","article-title":"The puzzle of intrafamilial child sexual abuse: A meta-analysis comparing intrafamilial and extrafamilial offenders with child victims","volume":"39","author":"Seto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0170","series-title":"Sexual abuse-An interdisciplinary approach","first-page":"21","article-title":"School employee sexual misconduct: Red flag grooming behaviors by perpetrators","author":"Shakeshaft","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0175","series-title":"Household pulse survey","author":"Smith","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0180","series-title":"Sexual assault of young children as reported to law enforcement: Victim, incident, and offender characteristics (NCJ No. 182990)","author":"Snyder","year":"2000"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2022.2146561","article-title":"Detecting grooming behaviors in same-sex versus opposite-sex child sexual abuse","volume":"31","author":"Spenard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0190","first-page":"1","article-title":"Examining parental abilities to recognize sexual grooming behaviors of child sexual abusers","author":"Steedman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb3005","series-title":"Person-Centered Methods","author":"Stemmler","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2015.1108945","article-title":"I knew it all along: The sexual grooming behaviors of child molesters and the hindsight bias","volume":"25","author":"Winters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2016.1197656","article-title":"Stages of sexual grooming: Recognizing potentially predatory behaviors of child molesters","volume":"38","author":"Winters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Deviant Behavior"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2021.1974994","article-title":"The sexual grooming scale \u2013 Victim version: The development and pilot testing of a measure to assess the nature and extent of child sexual grooming","volume":"17","author":"Winters","year":"2022","journal-title":"Victims and Offenders."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2023.2249491","article-title":"Sexual grooming behaviours in sibling sexual harm","volume":"29","author":"Winters","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Sexual Aggression"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb3010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.106842","article-title":"The prevalence of sexual grooming behaviors among survivors of childhood sexual abuse","volume":"154","author":"Winters","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2020.1801935","article-title":"Validation of the sexual grooming model of child sexual abusers","volume":"29","author":"Winters","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2022.2163020","article-title":"Child sexual grooming of catholic clergy: A comparison between victims allegedly abused by clergy with single versus multiple victims","volume":"32","author":"Winters","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174_bb3015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617734878","article-title":"Rethinking the reliability of eyewitness memory","volume":"13","author":"Wixted","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213426002942?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213426002942?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T20:04:57Z","timestamp":1785873897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213426002942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0145213426002942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Examining sexual grooming behaviors of children: Variations by relationship to the perpetrator","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108174","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108174"}}