{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T22:17:12Z","timestamp":1783462632640,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012942","name":"Universities Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012942","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T07:48:37Z","timestamp":1781855317000},"page":"108178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["\u201cWe saw and heard things no child should ever see and hear.\u201d Rwandan youth narratives of enduring intimate partner violence between parents"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Serge","family":"Nyirinkwaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelique","family":"Jenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajwang'","family":"Warria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelite","family":"Mukamana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Sezibera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Sitter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exposure to interparental violence and risk of intimate partner violence among women in sexual unions in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"0","author":"Aboagye","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0010","series-title":"Community development practice in Africa: Putting theory into practice","article-title":"Contribution of African traditional knowledge to community development theory and practice in Africa","author":"Abur","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0015","series-title":"African Union legal frameworks aim to break the cycle of violence","author":"African Union","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0020","series-title":"The 2021 African Union gender scorecard","author":"African Union","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0025","series-title":"Ethnophilosophy and the search for the wellspring of African philosophy","first-page":"203","article-title":"The ethnophilosophical foundation of Ramose\u2019s Ubuntu ontology of being becoming","author":"Agada","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0030","series-title":"The politics of childhoods real and imagined: Practical application of critical realism and childhood studies","author":"Alderson","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838019849582","article-title":"Hope, agency, and the lived experience of violence: A qualitative systematic review of children\u2019s perspectives on domestic violence and abuse","volume":"22","author":"Arai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0040","article-title":"Children exposed to intimate partner violence: Type of exposure, coping responses and consequences","author":"van Baak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04884-y","article-title":"Mental health outcomes of offspring exposed to parental intimate partner violence in Rwanda","volume":"24","author":"Bahati","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4314\/jswds.v6i3.3","article-title":"Assessing the effects of family conflicts on children\u2019s development in Huye district of Rwanda and the need for social work interventions","volume":"6","author":"Bimenyimana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Social Work in Developing Societies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-072720-013634","article-title":"Developmental consequences of intimate partner violence on children","volume":"19","author":"Bogat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801218816187","article-title":"Viewing children\u2019s exposure to intimate partner violence through a developmental, social-ecological, and survivor lens: The current state of the field, challenges, and future directions","volume":"25","author":"Carlson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"issue":"sup 2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2016.1176686","article-title":"Exploring the potential of a family-based prevention intervention to reduce alcohol use and violence within HIV-affected families in Rwanda","volume":"28","author":"Chaudhury","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0070","article-title":"Integrating the voices of youth with lived experience as co-researchers to improve research and practice approaches to childhood experiences of intimate partner violence","volume":"1\u201315","author":"Cullen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0075","series-title":"Collective narrative practice: Responding to individuals, groups, and communities who have experienced trauma","author":"Denborough","year":"2008"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0080","first-page":"576","article-title":"Indashyikirwa couples training program: Impact on intimate partner violence and implications for violence prevention in Rwanda","volume":"21","author":"Dunkle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0085","series-title":"The circle: A symbol of unity in our culture","author":"Eyobiel","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118639","article-title":"Risk factors for men\u2019s lifetime perpetration of physical violence against intimate partners: Results from the international men and gender equality survey (IMAGES) in eight countries","volume":"10","author":"Fleming","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e512","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30103-1","article-title":"Pathways between childhood trauma, intimate partner violence, and harsh parenting: Findings from the UN multi-country study on men and violence in Asia and the Pacific","volume":"5","author":"Fulu","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0100","series-title":"Effects of conflicts on marriage in Rwanda: Case of Rubavu District","author":"Gasirabo","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0105","series-title":"The state of gender equality in Rwanda: Ensuring gender equality gains from sustainable transformation (final report)","author":"Gender Monitoring Office","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274+","DOI":"10.1177\/107780049700300302","article-title":"A participatory inquiry paradigm","volume":"3","author":"Heron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Qualitative Inquiry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0115","series-title":"The SAGE handbook of action research: Participative inquiry and practice","first-page":"366","article-title":"Extending epistemology within a co-operative inquiry","author":"Heron","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0120","series-title":"The action research dissertation: A guide for students and faculty","author":"Herr","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0125","series-title":"Intimate partner violence: A health-based perspective","first-page":"618","article-title":"Children in households with intimate partner violence","author":"Holmes","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/1473325009355622","article-title":"Prising opens the black box: Critical realism, action research and social work","volume":"9","author":"Houston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qualitative Social Work"},{"issue":"S2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0135","article-title":"Family violence reduction within a parenting intervention in Rwanda: A mixed-methods study","volume":"151","author":"Jensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0140","series-title":"Coercive control in children's and mothers' lives","author":"Katz","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-051140","article-title":"Prevalence of childhood exposure to intimate partner violence in low-income and lower-middle-income countries: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Kieselbach","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-025-00836-x","article-title":"Children\u2019s experiences, perspectives and participation in the context of domestic violence: A scoping review","author":"Lapierre","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0155","series-title":"What the research evidence tells us about coercive control victimisation (policy and practice paper)","author":"MacDonald","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13650","article-title":"Youth engagement in mental health research: A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"McCabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Expectations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0165","series-title":"COVID-19 rapid gender assessment: Gender perspective Rwanda","author":"Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0170","series-title":"Violence Against Children and Youth Survey in Rwanda: Findings from a national survey, 2015\u20132016","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2017"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0175","first-page":"190","article-title":"Amplifying Ratego stories and knowledges: A co-research initiative with young mothers in social movements in East Africa","volume":"29","author":"Mrema","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Qualitative Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0180","series-title":"Psychosocial well-being and mental health of individuals in marital and in family relationships in pre- and post-genocide Rwanda","first-page":"121","article-title":"Intimate partner violence, destructive marital conflict, domestic and family violence in post-genocide Rwandan society","author":"Mukashema","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0185","series-title":"Rwanda demographic and health survey 2019\u201320 final report","author":"National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0190","series-title":"EICV7 thematic report: Youth 2023\/24","author":"National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0195","first-page":"3","article-title":"The tree of life project","volume":"1","author":"Ncube","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Narrative Therapy & Community Work"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.20961\/ijpte.v4i2.43123","article-title":"The impact of family conflicts on children\u2019s education","volume":"4","author":"Ndayambaje","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0205","series-title":"African psychology: The emergence of a tradition","article-title":"Writing the body: An Africentric theory of the gates of stress","author":"Nwoye","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1177\/14687941221082263","article-title":"Developing African oral traditional storytelling as a framework for studying with African peoples","volume":"23","author":"Osei-Tutu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Qualitative Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0215","author":"Parliament of Rwanda"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0220","series-title":"African philosophy through Ubuntu","author":"Ramose","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0225","series-title":"The African philosophy reader","first-page":"230","article-title":"The philosophy of Ubuntu and Ubuntu as a philosophy","author":"Ramose","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0230","series-title":"National youth policy: Towards a HAPPi generation","author":"Republic of Rwanda, Ministry of Youth and Culture","year":"2015"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcz023","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences: Beyond signs of safety; reimagining the organisation and practice of social work with children and families","volume":"49","author":"Spratt","year":"2019","journal-title":"The British Journal of Social Work"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-020-00216-7","article-title":"How the Indashyikirwa intimate partner violence prevention programme in Rwanda influenced parenting and violence against children","volume":"37","author":"Stern","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0250","series-title":"Narrative research now. Critical perspectives on the promise of stories","first-page":"122","article-title":"Reading back as a way to give back? A narrative practice-informed method for interview-based research","author":"Strauven","year":"2023"},{"issue":"253","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0255","article-title":"The burden and determinants of intimate partner violence against reproductive-age women in four East African countries: Evidence from 2021\/2023 DHS dataset","volume":"83","author":"Tadesse","year":"2025","journal-title":"Archives of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798412454675","article-title":"Toward an African definition of resilience: A rural South African community\u2019s view of resilient Basotho youth","volume":"39","author":"Theron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Black Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0265","series-title":"The social ecology of resilience: A handbook of theory and practice","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0270","author":"United Nations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0275","series-title":"A familiar face: Violence in the lives of children and adolescents","author":"United Nations Children'\u2019s Fund","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0280","series-title":"Rwanda country programme document 2024\u20132028","author":"United Nations Children'\u2019s Fund","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0285","series-title":"Working at the intersections of violence against children and violence against women: Why it matters for children\u2019s protection and well-being (evidence to action brief no. 1)","author":"United Nations Children\u2019\u2019s Fund","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0290","author":"United Nations Children'\u2019s Fund"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0295","series-title":"UN Trust Fund annual report 2020","author":"United Nations Women","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0300","first-page":"5572","article-title":"The effects of family conflicts on psycho-spiritual well-being of students studying in Catholic secondary schools in Kabgayi Diocese, Rwanda","volume":"5","author":"Uwamahoro","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0305","series-title":"Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: Global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0310","series-title":"Intimate partner violence","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0315","series-title":"Violence against women: Fact sheet","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221139243","article-title":"Interparental coercive control and child and family outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Xyrakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-023-00636-1","article-title":"Intimate partner violence exposure and self-regulation in children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579423000196","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and intimate partner violence: A meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014521342600298X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014521342600298X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T21:22:24Z","timestamp":1783459344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S014521342600298X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["S014521342600298X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"\u201cWe saw and heard things no child should ever see and hear.\u201d Rwandan youth narratives of enduring intimate partner violence between parents","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108178","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108178"}}