{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T12:49:41Z","timestamp":1792932581243,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:09:11Z","timestamp":1782274151000},"page":"108179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Child sexual exploitation and abuse in digital environments: Mapping two decades of research"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"179","author":[{"given":"\u00d6znur","family":"Bayar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sezan","family":"Sezgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s42087-021-00228-9","article-title":"Child sexual abuse and the internet\u2014A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Human Arenas"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-014-0270-x","article-title":"Online child pornography offenders are different: A meta-analysis of the characteristics of online and offline sex offenders against children","volume":"44","author":"Babchishin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0015","article-title":"Pathways and prevention for indecent images of children offending: A qualitative study","volume":"17","author":"Bailey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sexual Offending (Trier, Germany)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0020","first-page":"404","article-title":"Pedophilia and DSM-5: The importance of clearly defining the nature of a pedophilic disorder","volume":"42","author":"Berlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00018","article-title":"Web of Science as a data source for research on scientific and scholarly activity","volume":"1","author":"Birkle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quantitative Science Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-017-9417-3","article-title":"The hazards of investigating internet crimes against children: Digital evidence handlers\u2019 experiences with vicarious trauma and coping behaviors","volume":"43","author":"Burruss","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0035","article-title":"Mapping reviews, scoping reviews, and evidence and gap maps (EGMs): The same but different\u2014The \u201cBig Picture\u201d review family","volume":"12","author":"Campbell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107452","article-title":"The increase in online child sexual solicitation and abuse: Indicator 16.2. 3 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) documents a hidden and growing pandemic. Population-based surveys fail to capture the full picture","volume":"164","author":"Chauvir\u00e9-Geib","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20317","article-title":"CiteSpace II: Detecting and visualising emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21694","article-title":"Predictive effects of structural variation on citation counts","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21309","article-title":"The structure and dynamics of co-citation clusters: A multiple-perspective co-citation analysis","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0060","first-page":"1968","article-title":"How to use artificial intelligence (AI) as a resource, methodological and analysis tool in qualitative research?","volume":"28","author":"Christou","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Qualitative Report"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3163\/1536-5050.104.1.013","article-title":"What is a \u201cmapping study?\u201d","volume":"104","author":"Cooper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Medical Library Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/laws9040028","article-title":"\u201cOur laws have not caught up with the technology\u201d: Understanding challenges and facilitators in investigating and prosecuting child sexual abuse materials in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Cullen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laws"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.107118","article-title":"The crime of luring a minor for contact sexual abuse: Exploration of demographic patterns & criminal records of convicted offenders","volume":"158","author":"Diamond-Welch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221147564","article-title":"Livestreaming technology and online child sexual exploitation and abuse: A scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Drejer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0085","author":"ECPAT International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107444","article-title":"Developing quality standards for community-based online child sexual exploitation and abuse interventions","volume":"164","author":"Engelmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0095","first-page":"23","article-title":"Centrality and prestige: A review and synthesis","volume":"4","author":"Faust","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Quantitative Anthropology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.34471","article-title":"Prevalence of Online Sexual Offenses Against Children in the US","volume":"5","author":"Finkelhor","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.106634","article-title":"The prevalence of child sexual abuse with online sexual abuse added","volume":"149","author":"Finkelhor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00329-8","article-title":"Prevalence estimates and nature of online child sexual exploitation and abuse: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Fry","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559519873975","article-title":"Sexual abuse and assault in a large national sample of children and adolescents","volume":"25","author":"Gewirtz-Meydan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.03.031","article-title":"The complex experience of child pornography survivors","volume":"80","author":"Gewirtz-Meydan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0130","series-title":"Terminology guidelines for the protection of children from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse. Interagency Working Group in Luxembourg","author":"Greijer","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104651","article-title":"Technology assisted child sexual abuse: Professionals\u2019 perceptions of risk and impact on children and young people","volume":"119","author":"Hamilton-Giachritsis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0140","author":"Hamilton-Giachritsis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.2214","article-title":"Child sexual abuse and Covid-19: Side effects of changed societies and positive lessons for prevention","volume":"31","author":"Harris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health: CBMH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.106806","article-title":"Reoffending after convictions related to child sexual exploitation material: Data from the German Federal Central Criminal Register","volume":"153","author":"H\u00f6rnle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2020.1781120","article-title":"Experiences and psychological health among children exposed to online child sexual abuse \u2013 A mixed methods study of court verdicts","volume":"27","author":"Joleby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychology, Crime & Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108454","article-title":"\u201cCutie, click on the link\u201d: A forensic analysis of URLs","volume":"162","author":"Kamar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2013.06.006","article-title":"Internet-related child sexual abuse: What children tell us in their testimonies","volume":"35","author":"Katz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1694","article-title":"Advancing the methodology of mapping reviews: A scoping review","volume":"15","author":"Khalil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research Synthesis Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838013511543","article-title":"Online child sexual exploitation: Prevalence, process, and offender characteristics","volume":"15","author":"Kloess","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0707-0","article-title":"Understanding online child sexual exploitation offenses","volume":"18","author":"Ly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559504271917","article-title":"The internet and family and acquaintance sexual abuse","volume":"10","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210374347","article-title":"Internet-facilitated commercial sexual exploitation of children: Findings from a nationally representative sample of law enforcement agencies in the United States","volume":"23","author":"Mitchell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.106977","article-title":"Characteristics that predict exposure to and subsequent intentional viewing of child sexual abuse material among a community sample of Internet users","volume":"156","author":"Napier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/car.70048","article-title":"Psychological and emotional harms of online child sexual exploitation and abuse in children under the age of 18: A systematic review of the evidence","volume":"34","author":"Page","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Abuse Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063218800469","article-title":"Sextortion among adolescents: Results from a national survey of US youth","volume":"32","author":"Patchin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/police\/pay028","article-title":"Deterrence of online child sexual abuse and exploitation","volume":"13","author":"Quayle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241277271","article-title":"Sextortion: A scoping review","volume":"26","author":"Ray","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105392","article-title":"A scoping review of child grooming strategies: Pre-and post-internet","volume":"123","author":"Ringenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2014.0494","article-title":"Abuse characteristics and psychiatric consequences associated with online sexual abuse","volume":"18","author":"Say","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-022-02336-1","article-title":"Clinical and conceptual problems with pedophilic disorder in the DSM-5-TR","volume":"51","author":"Seto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210369013","article-title":"Contact sexual offending by men with online sexual offenses","volume":"23","author":"Seto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1177\/01655515231191351","article-title":"Scholarly article retrieval from Web of Science, Scopus and Dimensions: A comparative analysis of retrieval quality","volume":"52","author":"Singh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Information Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1080\/19361610.2024.2331885","article-title":"Role of artificial intelligence in the prevention of online child sexual abuse: A systematic review of literature","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Security Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104895","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) research: A bibliometric analysis of publication trends over the first 20 years","volume":"112","author":"Struck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0260","author":"Thorn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108323","article-title":"Psychological factors leading to sextortion: The role of personality, emotional factors and sexual needs in victimisation","volume":"159","author":"Tzani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0270","author":"U.S. Department of Justice"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2845","article-title":"Analysis of child abuse by science mapping method","volume":"33","author":"Unaldi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Abuse Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0280","author":"UNICEF"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0285","author":"UNICEF"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.13189\/ujp.2013.010206","article-title":"Victims\u2019 voices: The impact of online grooming and sexual abuse","volume":"1","author":"Whittle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Universal Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0295","series-title":"Sextortion: Findings from a survey of 1,631 victims","author":"Wolak","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.08.014","article-title":"Sextortion of minors: Characteristics and dynamics","volume":"62","author":"Wolak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.106936","article-title":"Accessing child sexual abuse material: Pathways to offending and online behaviour","volume":"154","author":"Wortley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0310","series-title":"Situational prevention of child sexual abuse","first-page":"7","article-title":"Applying situational principles to sexual offenses against children","author":"Wortley","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1147265","article-title":"Bibliometric and visualized analysis of elite controllers based on CiteSpace: Landscapes, hotspots, and frontiers","volume":"13","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213426002991?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213426002991?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:53:29Z","timestamp":1785862409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213426002991"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["S0145213426002991"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Child sexual exploitation and abuse in digital environments: Mapping two decades of research","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108179","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108179"}}