{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:00:17Z","timestamp":1790776817934,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01MH115811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01MH115811"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01HD105521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01HD105521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24DA061696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24DA061696"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31MH139276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31MH139276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:12:33Z","timestamp":1788963153000},"page":"108294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Perceived norms, social network exposure, and physical discipline of children: Sociocentric network study of caregivers in rural Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"181","author":[{"given":"Emily N.","family":"Satinsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Kakuhikire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Baguma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Sowell Van Dyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth B.","family":"Namara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phionah","family":"Ahereza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patience","family":"Ayebare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scholastic","family":"Ashaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison B.","family":"Comfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander C.","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.014","article-title":"Spanking and adult mental health impairment: The case for the designation of spanking as an adverse childhood experience","volume":"71","author":"Afifi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.7374","article-title":"Associations of harsh physical punishment and child maltreatment in childhood with antisocial behaviors in adulthood","volume":"2","author":"Afifi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e333","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-4021","article-title":"Harsh physical punishment in childhood and adult physical health","volume":"132","author":"Afifi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"493","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0020","article-title":"The relationships between harsh physical punishment and child maltreatment in childhood and intimate partner violence in adulthood","volume":"17","author":"Afifi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0025","series-title":"Action control: From cognition to behavior","first-page":"11","article-title":"From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior","author":"Ajzen","year":"1985"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.01.001","article-title":"Harsh corporal punishment of Yemeni children: Occurrence, type, and associations","volume":"32","author":"Alyahri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0035","first-page":"1","article-title":"Misperceived social norms and willingness to act against climate change","author":"Andre","year":"2024","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0040","series-title":"Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist\u2019s companion","author":"Angrist","year":"2009"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0093718","article-title":"Studies of independence and conformity: A minority of one against a unanimous majority","volume":"70","author":"Asch","year":"1956","journal-title":"Psychological Monographs: General and Applied"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.10.010","article-title":"Maternal use of physical punishment in response to child misbehavior: Implications for child abuse prevention","volume":"29","author":"Ateah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0055","series-title":"The social norms approach to preventing school and college age substance abuse: A handbook for educators, counselors, and clinicians","first-page":"259","article-title":"Applications of social norms theory to other health and social justice issues","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(84)90007-8","article-title":"Network items and the General Social Survey","volume":"6","author":"Burt","year":"1984","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.50.2.317","article-title":"A practitioner\u2019s guide to cluster-robust inference","volume":"50","author":"Cameron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Human Resources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0070","series-title":"The handbook of social psychology","first-page":"151","article-title":"Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance","volume":"Vol. 1\u20132","author":"Cialdini","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0075","article-title":"The evolution of social norms interventions for health promotion: Distinguishing norms correction and norms transformation","volume":"11","author":"Cislaghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Globalization and Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000539","article-title":"Parenting for lifelong health: A pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial of a non-commercialised parenting programme for adolescents and their families in South Africa","volume":"3","author":"Cluver","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119145","article-title":"Social influence on women\u2019s contraceptive use: Population-based sociocentric network study in rural Uganda","volume":"399","author":"Comfort","year":"2026","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13650","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1401211111","article-title":"Integrating social networks and human social motives to achieve social influence at scale","volume":"111","author":"Contractor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105944","article-title":"Child exposure to violence and self-regulation in South African preschool-age children from low-income settings","volume":"134","author":"Cook","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02180","article-title":"A critical appraisal of the social norms approach as an interventional strategy for health-related behavior and attitude change","volume":"9","author":"Dempsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e129","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2007","article-title":"School violence, mental health, and educational performance in Uganda","volume":"133","author":"Devries","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2017.1338736","article-title":"The effects of perceived social norms on handwashing behaviour in students","volume":"23","author":"Dickie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology, Health & Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2021.1895418","article-title":"Examining sources of social norms supporting child corporal punishment among low-income Black, Latino, and White parents","volume":"37","author":"Duong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Communication"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2023.2193754","article-title":"Where do perceived norms supporting child corporal punishment come from? A study of low-income parents","volume":"39","author":"Duong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0125","author":"End Corporal Punishment"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-019-01426-4","article-title":"Corporal punishment: Current rates from a national survey","volume":"28","author":"Finkelhor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.11.023","article-title":"The association between perceived injunctive norms toward corporal punishment, parenting support, and risk for child physical abuse","volume":"88","author":"Fleckman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-021-00340-y","article-title":"Daily stress and use of aggressive discipline by parents during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"37","author":"Freisthler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e512","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30103-1","article-title":"Pathways between childhood trauma, intimate partner violence, and harsh parenting: Findings from the UN Multi-country study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific","volume":"5","author":"Fulu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0150","series-title":"Gender roles and the care economy in Ugandan households: The case of Kaabong, Kabale and Kampala Districts","author":"Gabola","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.2466","article-title":"Parental misperceptions of in-group norms for child discipline","volume":"30","author":"Ganz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0160","first-page":"1","article-title":"Applying behavioural science to issues of public health in South Africa: The case for social norms intervention","volume":"113","author":"Ganz","year":"2017","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.12177","article-title":"Should parents\u2019 physical punishment of children be considered a source of toxic stress that affects brain development?","volume":"65","author":"Gershoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Family Relations"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000191","article-title":"Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses","volume":"30","author":"Gershoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Family Psychology"},{"issue":"118","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0175","article-title":"Harsh discipline relates to internalizing problems and cognitive functioning: Findings from a cross-sectional study with school children in Tanzania","volume":"16","author":"Hecker","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10297","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00582-1","article-title":"Physical punishment and child outcomes: A narrative review of prospective studies","volume":"398","author":"Heilmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559518819141","article-title":"Household food insecurity and parent-to-child aggression","volume":"24","author":"Helton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.10.030","article-title":"Peer norms moderate the association between mental health and sexual risk behaviors among young men living in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"196","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4079","article-title":"Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: A systematic review and minimum estimates","volume":"137","author":"Hillis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-016-0679-7","article-title":"Parental depression and associations with parenting and children\u2019s physical and mental health in a sub-Saharan African setting","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry and Human Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0001041","article-title":"Parenting in a conflict-affected setting: Discipline practices, parent-child interactions, and parenting stress in Liberia","volume":"37","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Family Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003705","article-title":"Correlates of attendance at community engagement meetings held in advance of bio-behavioral research studies: A longitudinal, sociocentric social network study in rural Uganda","volume":"18","author":"Kakuhikire","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-021-00321-1","article-title":"Child discipline practices in Kosovo: Attitudes and sociodemographic correlates","volume":"37","author":"Kelmendi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743719889551","article-title":"Adolescent mental health following exposure to positive and harsh parenting in childhood","volume":"65","author":"Kingsbury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-018-0591-z","article-title":"Commonalities and differences in social norms related to corporal punishment among Black, Latino and White parents","volume":"36","author":"Klevens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-018-0595-8","article-title":"Hidden protections: Identifying social norms associated with child abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect","volume":"36","author":"Klika","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/672780","article-title":"Corporal punishment of children in nine countries as a function of child gender and parent gender","volume":"2010","author":"Lansford","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105692","article-title":"The use of corporal punishment against children in Myanmar: An analysis of data from 2015\u20132016 Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey","volume":"131","author":"Linn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2020.101507","article-title":"Corporal punishment, discipline and social norms: A systematic review in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"55","author":"Lokot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104793","article-title":"Exploring the relation of harsh parental discipline with child emotional and behavioral problems by using multiple informants. The Generation R study","volume":"9","author":"Mackenbach","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.11.016","article-title":"Strong communities for children: Results of a multi-year community-based initiative to protect children from harm","volume":"41","author":"McDonell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.415","article-title":"Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks","volume":"27","author":"McPherson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0265","series-title":"Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles","first-page":"799","article-title":"The construction of social norms and standards","author":"Miller","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015013","article-title":"Changing norms to change behavior","volume":"67","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112561","article-title":"\u201cWhen you have no water, it means you have no peace\u201d: A mixed-methods, whole-population study of water insecurity and depression in rural Uganda","volume":"245","author":"Mushavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1353\/csd.2012.0046","article-title":"Student-athletes\u2019 misperceptions of male and female peer drinking norms: A multi-site investigation of the \u2018reign of error\u2019","volume":"53","author":"Perkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of College Student Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15615","article-title":"Overestimation of alcohol consumption norms as a driver of alcohol consumption: A whole-population network study of men across eight villages in rural, southwestern Uganda","volume":"117","author":"Perkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2798-7","article-title":"Social norms, misperceptions, and mosquito net use: A population-based, cross-sectional study in rural Uganda","volume":"18","author":"Perkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0295","first-page":"803","article-title":"Misperception of norms about intimate partner violence as a driver of personal IPV attitudes and perpetration: A population-based study of men in rural Uganda","volume":"40","author":"Perkins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017002154","article-title":"Food insecurity, social networks and symptoms of depression among men and women in rural Uganda: A cross-sectional, population-based study","volume":"21","author":"Perkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2023-000163","article-title":"Impact of social networks and norms on e-cigarette use among adolescents in Southern California: A prospective cohort study","volume":"1","author":"Piombo","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1353\/sor.2018.0007","article-title":"Intervening to change social norms: When does it work?","volume":"85","author":"Prentice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Social Research: An International Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/09669760801892276","article-title":"The impact of poverty and stress on the interaction of Jamaican caregivers with young children","volume":"16","author":"Ricketts","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Early Years Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2003.tb00288.x","article-title":"Understanding the influence of perceived norms on behavior","volume":"13","author":"Rimal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Communication Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034213","article-title":"Prompting healthier eating: Testing the use of health and social norm based messages","volume":"33","author":"Robinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.03.003","article-title":"Talking to parents about spanking: The potential for pediatricians to reduce the impact of adverse childhood experiences","volume":"235","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(77)90049-X","article-title":"The \u201cfalse consensus effect\u201d: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes","volume":"13","author":"Ross","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-023-00536-4","article-title":"Caregiver preferences for physically harsh discipline of children in rural Uganda","volume":"39","author":"Satinsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003642","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences, adult depression, and suicidal ideation in rural Uganda: A cross-sectional, population-based study","volume":"18","author":"Satinsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.27.1.159","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of harsh parenting","volume":"27","author":"Simons","year":"1991","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104194","article-title":"Prevalence of family violence and mental health and their relation to peer victimization: A representative study of adolescent students in Southwestern Uganda","volume":"98","author":"Ssenyonga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00174-9","article-title":"Identification of child maltreatment with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales: Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents","volume":"22","author":"Straus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021891529770","article-title":"Corporal punishment by American parents: National data on prevalence, chronicity, severity, and duration, in relation to child and family characteristics","volume":"2","author":"Straus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1080\/14635240.2022.2047093","article-title":"Social norms regarding alcohol use, perceptions of alcohol advertisement and intent to drink alcohol among youth in Uganda","volume":"62","author":"Swahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Promotion and Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.5.1449S","article-title":"Development of a universally applicable household food insecurity measurement tool: Process, current status, and outstanding issues","volume":"136","author":"Swindale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.05.012","article-title":"The social network context of HIV stigma: Population-based, sociocentric network study in rural Uganda","volume":"233","author":"Takada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/sipr.12022","article-title":"Norm perception as a vehicle for social change","volume":"10","author":"Tankard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Issues and Policy Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-011-9548-7","article-title":"Perceived social norms, expectations, and attitudes toward corporal punishment among an urban community sample of parents","volume":"88","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.09.026","article-title":"The social context of food insecurity among persons living with HIV\/AIDS in rural Uganda","volume":"73","author":"Tsai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2015.165","article-title":"Population-based study of intra-household gender differences in water insecurity: Reliability and validity of a survey instrument for use in rural Uganda","volume":"14","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Water and Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.04056","article-title":"Normative vs personal attitudes toward persons with HIV, and the mediating role of perceived HIV stigma in rural Uganda","volume":"11","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0410","author":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0415","series-title":"Uganda violence against children survey: Findings from a national survey","author":"UNICEF","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.06.014","article-title":"A comparison of peer influence measures as predictors of smoking among predominately Hispanic\/Latino high school adolescents","volume":"52","author":"Valente","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198106297855","article-title":"Identifying opinion leaders to promote behavior change","volume":"34","author":"Valente","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Education & Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(96)00385-1","article-title":"Social network associations with contraceptive use among Cameroonian women in voluntary associations","volume":"45","author":"Valente","year":"1997","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0435","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2025.107853","article-title":"Social network strategies in child maltreatment prevention: A scoping review","volume":"172","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090","article-title":"A modified Poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data","volume":"159","author":"Zou","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014521342600414X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014521342600414X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:29:02Z","timestamp":1790774942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S014521342600414X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["S014521342600414X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Perceived norms, social network exposure, and physical discipline of children: Sociocentric network study of caregivers in rural Uganda","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2026.108294","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108294"}}