{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T21:07:42Z","timestamp":1793308062526,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]],"date-time":"2017-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]],"date-time":"2018-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":374,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD075665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD075665"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI081759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI081759"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI123348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI123348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Burroughs Wellcome"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell Host & Microbe"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T12:49:16Z","timestamp":1494420556000},"page":"561-567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":357,"title":["Microbial Vertical Transmission during Human Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Nitin","family":"Arora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoel","family":"Sadovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence S.","family":"Dermody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn B.","family":"Coyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1086\/377132","article-title":"Infection of placental trophoblasts by Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"188","author":"Abbasi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3160","article-title":"Fetomaternal immune cross-talk and its consequences for maternal and offspring\u2019s health","volume":"19","author":"Arck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.07.060","article-title":"Human trophoblasts confer resistance to viruses implicated in perinatal infection","volume":"212","author":"Bayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.03.008","article-title":"Type III interferons produced by human placental trophoblasts confer protection against zika virus infection","volume":"19","author":"Bayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem326","article-title":"Human decidual stromal cells express HLA-G: effects of cytokines and decidualization","volume":"23","author":"Blanco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40706","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040706","article-title":"Naturally-occurring genetic variants in human DC-SIGN increase HIV-1 capture, cell-transfer and risk of mother-to-child transmission","volume":"7","author":"Boily-Larouche","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602412","article-title":"Zika virus infection in pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro","volume":"375","author":"Brasil","year":"2016","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1177\/43.9.7642966","article-title":"Cytotrophoblast cells: a barrier to maternofetal transmission of passive immunity","volume":"43","author":"Bright","year":"1995","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199509040-00007","article-title":"Frequency of early in utero HIV-1 infection: a blind DNA polymerase chain reaction study on 100 fetal thymuses","volume":"9","author":"Brossard","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:19881006","article-title":"Immunoregulatory cells in human decidua: morphology, immunohistochemistry and function","volume":"28","author":"Bulmer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(86)90052-6","article-title":"Experimental infection of pregnant sheep with Toxoplasma gondii: pathological and immunological observations on the placenta and foetus","volume":"96","author":"Buxton","year":"1986","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-5-70","article-title":"Washing our hands of the congenital cytomegalovirus disease epidemic","volume":"5","author":"Cannon","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4004(87)90046-4","article-title":"Interpretation of syncytial sprouts and bridges in the human placenta","volume":"8","author":"Cantle","year":"1987","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-8859(93)90138-Q","article-title":"In situ hybridization and northern blot demonstration of HLA-G mRNA in human trophoblast populations by locus-specific oligonucleotide","volume":"37","author":"Chumbley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2006.00447.x","article-title":"NOD protein expression and function in first trimester trophoblast cells","volume":"57","author":"Costello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7985020","article-title":"Implantation and the placenta: key pieces of the development puzzle","volume":"266","author":"Cross","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1604449","article-title":"Evidence of sexual transmission of zika virus","volume":"374","author":"D\u2019Ortenzio","year":"2016","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)36111-7","article-title":"Placental transfer of proteins in human gestation","volume":"82","author":"Dancis","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12048","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304718110","article-title":"Human placental trophoblasts confer viral resistance to recipient cells","volume":"110","author":"Delorme-Axford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-100003","article-title":"Immunology of the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"31","author":"Erlebacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.10.008","article-title":"Long-term ocular outcome in congenital toxoplasmosis: a prospective cohort of treated children","volume":"64","author":"Faucher","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7089","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.12.7089-7094.2002","article-title":"Effect of Toxoplasma gondii infection kinetics on trophoblast cell population in Calomys callosus, a model of congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"70","author":"Ferro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6808","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.15.6808-6820.2000","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus infection of placental cytotrophoblasts in\u00a0vitro and in utero: implications for transmission and pathogenesis","volume":"74","author":"Fisher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1077","article-title":"Complete replication of human cytomegalovirus in explants of first trimester human placenta","volume":"64","author":"Gabrielli","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.1.6.667-669.1994","article-title":"Placental transfer of immunoglobulin G subclasses","volume":"1","author":"Garty","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)34434-9","article-title":"Fetal and maternal immunoglobulin levels during pregnancy","volume":"103","author":"Gusdon","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7598","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.9.7598-7602.1998","article-title":"Human trophoblast cells are permissive to the complete replicative cycle of human cytomegalovirus","volume":"72","author":"Halwachs-Baumann","year":"1998","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.06.006","article-title":"hCMV induced IL-6 release in trophoblast and trophoblast like cells","volume":"37","author":"Halwachs-Baumann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib29","first-page":"297","article-title":"Development of the human placenta in the first three months of gestation","volume":"94","author":"Hamilton","year":"1960","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6710","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.13.6710-6717.2002","article-title":"Polarized release of human cytomegalovirus from placental trophoblasts","volume":"76","author":"Hemmings","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4970","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.6.4970-4979.1998","article-title":"Permissive cytomegalovirus infection of primary villous term and first trimester trophoblasts","volume":"72","author":"Hemmings","year":"1998","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6508e2","article-title":"transmission of zika virus through sexual contact with travelers to areas of ongoing transmission - continental United States, 2016","volume":"65","author":"Hills","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2007.11.004","article-title":"A re-appraisal of the morphophenotype and basal lamina coverage of cytotrophoblasts in human term placenta","volume":"29","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.07.008","article-title":"ICAM-1 is overexpressed by villous trophoblasts in placentitis","volume":"27","author":"Juliano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(97)01001-3","article-title":"NK cells and reproduction","volume":"18","author":"King","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2006.01.006","article-title":"Expression of natural antimicrobials by human placenta and fetal membranes","volume":"28","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.004325","article-title":"Syncytiotrophoblast is a barrier to maternal-fetal transmission of herpes simplex virus","volume":"67","author":"Koi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90785-3","article-title":"Results of 20-year follow-up of congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"1","author":"Koppe","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011001478","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: the changing paradigm of congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"138","author":"Lindsay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2007.05.003","article-title":"Cell type-specific expression and function of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in human placenta: implications in fetal infection","volume":"28","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1661","article-title":"Transmission of human cytomegalovirus from infected uterine microvascular endothelial cells to differentiating\/invasive placental cytotrophoblasts","volume":"304","author":"Maidji","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.050482","article-title":"Maternal antibodies enhance or prevent cytomegalovirus infection in the placenta by neonatal Fc receptor-mediated transcytosis","volume":"168","author":"Maidji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4701","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02748-06","article-title":"Developmental regulation of human cytomegalovirus receptors in cytotrophoblasts correlates with distinct replication sites in the placenta","volume":"81","author":"Maidji","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.091210","article-title":"Antibody treatment promotes compensation for human cytomegalovirus-induced pathogenesis and a hypoxia-like condition in placentas with congenital infection","volume":"177","author":"Maidji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1996.tb00172.x","article-title":"Evolution of maternofetal transport of immunoglobulins during human pregnancy","volume":"36","author":"Malek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41211","article-title":"The placenta: transcriptional, epigenetic, and physiological integration during development","volume":"120","author":"Maltepe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2009.00794.x","article-title":"The unique properties of uterine NK cells","volume":"63","author":"Manaster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1501462","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501462","article-title":"A three-dimensional culture system recapitulates placental syncytiotrophoblast development and microbial resistance","volume":"2","author":"McConkey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1086\/422330","article-title":"Viral and bacterial pathogens at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"190","author":"McDonagh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2005.08.011","article-title":"Patterns of human cytomegalovirus infection in term placentas: a preliminary analysis","volume":"35","author":"McDonagh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00836.x","article-title":"The immune system in pregnancy: a unique complexity","volume":"63","author":"Mor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib52","first-page":"149","article-title":"Macrophage-trophoblast interactions","volume":"122","author":"Mor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.106.056127","article-title":"The cytotrophoblast layer of human chorionic villi becomes thinner but maintains its structural integrity during gestation","volume":"76","author":"Mori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib54","first-page":"403","article-title":"Placental evidence of cytomegalovirus infection of the fetus and neonate","volume":"108","author":"Mostoufi-zadeh","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(92)90290-J","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection of the human placenta: an immunocytochemical study","volume":"23","author":"M\u00fchlemann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1220030","article-title":"Chemokine gene silencing in decidual stromal cells limits T\u00a0cell access to the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"336","author":"Nancy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.09.008","article-title":"Isolation of human trophoblastic extracellular vesicles and characterization of their cargo and antiviral activity","volume":"47","author":"Ouyang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.069252","article-title":"Expression and activity of Toll-like receptors 1-9 in the human term placenta and changes associated with labor at term","volume":"80","author":"Patni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2005.02.009","article-title":"Insights into viral transmission at the uterine-placental interface","volume":"13","author":"Pereira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31820bb5f3","article-title":"Long-term impact of treated congenital toxoplasmosis on quality of life and visual performance","volume":"30","author":"Peyron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.06.015","article-title":"Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii placental transmission in BALB\/c mice model","volume":"123","author":"Pezerico","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1999.tb00462.x","article-title":"First trimester human endovascular trophoblast cells express both HLA-C and HLA-G","volume":"42","author":"Pr\u00f6ll","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.07.005","article-title":"Differential expression of toll-like receptors in the human placenta across early gestation","volume":"46","author":"Pudney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.015","article-title":"Zika Virus Infects Human Placental Macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Quicke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399404007720","article-title":"Human pregnancy: the role of chemokine networks at the fetal-maternal interface","volume":"6","author":"Red-Horse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2003.09.012","article-title":"Pathogenesis and prenatal diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"29","author":"Revello","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000732","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000732","article-title":"Placental syncytiotrophoblast constitutes a major barrier to vertical transmission of Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"6","author":"Robbins","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05899-11","article-title":"Tissue barriers of the human placenta to infection with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"80","author":"Robbins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1203\/pdr.0b013e318045be6d","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection of human syncytiotrophoblast cells strongly interferes with expression of genes involved in placental differentiation and tissue integrity","volume":"61","author":"Schleiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0429-ED","article-title":"the origins and emergence of zika virus, the newest torch infection: what\u2019s old is new again","volume":"141","author":"Schwartz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1587","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616097114","article-title":"Vulnerability of primitive human placental trophoblast to Zika virus","volume":"114","author":"Sheridan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2007.01.008","article-title":"Maternal-fetal transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in interferon-gamma deficient pregnant mice","volume":"56","author":"Shiono","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1997.tb00511.x","article-title":"Detection of human defensins in the placenta","volume":"38","author":"Svinarich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.07.002","article-title":"Zika virus targets different primary human placental cells, suggesting two routes for vertical transmission","volume":"20","author":"Tabata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2014.04.004","article-title":"Functional Toll-like receptors in primary first-trimester trophoblasts","volume":"106","author":"Tanger\u00e5s","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1086\/431999","article-title":"Highly sensitive detection and localization of maternally acquired human cytomegalovirus in placental tissue by in\u00a0situ polymerase chain reaction","volume":"192","author":"Trincado","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1086\/314580","article-title":"The Ariel Project: A prospective cohort study of maternal-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the era of maternal antiretroviral therapy","volume":"179","author":"Van Dyke","year":"1999","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13204","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05749-11","article-title":"Modeling of human cytomegalovirus maternal-fetal transmission in a novel decidual organ culture","volume":"85","author":"Weisblum","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-014-0449-1","article-title":"Models of vertical cytomegalovirus (CMV) transmission and pathogenesis","volume":"36","author":"Weisblum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2009.00696.x","volume":"61","author":"Wicherek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.8.2847","article-title":"Analysis of HLA-G mRNA in human placental and extraplacental membrane cells by in\u00a0situ hybridization","volume":"146","author":"Yelavarthi","year":"1991","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002005","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002005","article-title":"Invasive extravillous trophoblasts restrict intracellular growth and spread of Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"7","author":"Zeldovich","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003821","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003821","article-title":"Placental syncytium forms a biophysical barrier against pathogen invasion","volume":"9","author":"Zeldovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12097","article-title":"Adaptive immune responses during pregnancy","volume":"69","author":"Zenclussen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Cell Host & Microbe"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1931312817301531?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1931312817301531?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T10:08:16Z","timestamp":1692785296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1931312817301531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1931312817301531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1931-3128"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1931-3128","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Microbial Vertical Transmission during Human Pregnancy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cell Host & Microbe","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}