{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:42:41Z","timestamp":1791333761679,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":374,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-002022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-002022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1132237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1132237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["681137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["681137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01 AI110657"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 AI110657"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell Host & Microbe"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T02:32:11Z","timestamp":1615429931000},"page":"327-333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Virus vaccines: proteins prefer prolines"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Rogier W.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib1","article-title":"Introduction of two prolines and removal of the polybasic cleavage site leads to optimal efficacy of a recombinant spike based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in the mouse model","author":"Amanat","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01708-9","article-title":"Structure and immunogenicity of pre-fusion-stabilized human metapneumovirus F glycoprotein","volume":"8","author":"Battles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.2.627-643.2000","article-title":"A recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein complex stabilized by an intermolecular disulfide bond between the gp120 and gp41 subunits is an antigenic mimic of the trimeric virion-associated structure","volume":"74","author":"Binley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00243-x","article-title":"Ad26 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine encoding a prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 Spike immunogen induces potent humoral and cellular immune responses","volume":"5","author":"Bos","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.048","article-title":"Summary of the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee meeting held to consider evaluation of vaccine candidates for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus disease in RSV-na\u00efve infants","volume":"38","author":"Browne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix503","article-title":"An adjuvanted, postfusion F protein-based vaccine did not prevent respiratory syncytial virus illness in older adults","volume":"216","author":"Falloon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.04.083","article-title":"Vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus: The time has finally come","volume":"34","author":"Graham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.03.012","article-title":"Vaccine development for respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"23","author":"Graham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8923","article-title":"Rapid COVID-19 vaccine development","volume":"368","author":"Graham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-121217-094234","article-title":"Structure-Based Vaccine Antigen Design","volume":"70","author":"Graham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam7260","article-title":"Structural basis for antibody-mediated neutralization of Lassa virus","volume":"356","author":"Hastie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0826","article-title":"Structure-based design of prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spikes","volume":"369","author":"Hsieh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib13","article-title":"Stabilizing the closed SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer","author":"Juraszek","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib14","article-title":"Immunogenicity of novel mRNA COVID-19 vaccine MRT5500 in mice and non-human primates","author":"Kalnin","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-031413-085521","article-title":"Mechanisms of virus membrane fusion proteins","volume":"1","author":"Kielian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe8065","article-title":"Immunogenicity of clinically relevant SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in non-human primates and humans","author":"Klasse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2798-3","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development","volume":"586","author":"Krammer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8143","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9143","article-title":"A highly stable prefusion RSV F vaccine derived from structural analysis of the fusion mechanism","volume":"6","author":"Krarup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1234914","article-title":"Structure of RSV fusion glycoprotein trimer bound to a prefusion-specific neutralizing antibody","volume":"340","author":"McLellan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2607-z","article-title":"Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques","volume":"586","author":"Mercado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01083-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01083-20","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccines: \u201cWarp Speed\u201d Needs Mind Melds, Not Warped Minds","volume":"94","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0392-y","article-title":"Antibody responses to viral infections: a structural perspective across three different enveloped viruses","volume":"4","author":"Murin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7348","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1707304114","article-title":"Immunogenicity and structures of a rationally designed prefusion MERS-CoV spike antigen","volume":"114","author":"Pallesen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.141.6.1335","article-title":"Specific single or double proline substitutions in the \u201cspring-loaded\u201d coiled-coil region of the influenza hemagglutinin impair or abolish membrane fusion activity","volume":"141","author":"Qiao","year":"1998","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18256","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1314351110","article-title":"Cleavage strongly influences whether soluble HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimers adopt a native-like conformation","volume":"110","author":"Ringe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.03.025","article-title":"Structure-based design of prefusion-stabilized filovirus glycoprotein trimers","volume":"30","author":"Rutten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib28","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the Ad26.RSV.preF Investigational vaccine coadministered with an influenza vaccine in older adults","author":"Sadoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12481","article-title":"Native-like Env trimers as a platform for HIV-1 vaccine design","volume":"275","author":"Sanders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8875","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.17.8875-8889.2002","article-title":"Stabilization of the soluble, cleaved, trimeric form of the envelope glycoprotein complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"76","author":"Sanders","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003618","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003618","article-title":"A next-generation cleaved, soluble HIV-1 Env trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, expresses multiple epitopes for broadly neutralizing but not non-neutralizing antibodies","volume":"9","author":"Sanders","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aac4223","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4223","article-title":"HIV-1 VACCINES. HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies induced by native-like envelope trimers","volume":"349","author":"Sanders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-018-0445-y","article-title":"Stabilizing HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimers to induce neutralizing antibodies","volume":"15","author":"Torrents de la Pe\u00f1a","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib34","article-title":"ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques","author":"van Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32661-1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK","volume":"397","author":"Voysey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.12.028","article-title":"Unexpected receptor functional mimicry elucidates activation of coronavirus fusion","volume":"176","author":"Walls","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12507","article-title":"The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein structure: nailing down a moving target","volume":"275","author":"Ward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6284","article-title":"DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques","volume":"369","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Cell Host & Microbe"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1931312821000482?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1931312821000482?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T12:24:52Z","timestamp":1761827092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1931312821000482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1931312821000482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1931-3128"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1931-3128","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Virus vaccines: proteins prefer prolines","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cell Host & Microbe","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}