{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:52:36Z","timestamp":1790203956985,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":378,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003921","name":"Australian Government Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell Host & Microbe"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T18:07:53Z","timestamp":1626286073000},"page":"1111-1123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["The success of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and challenges ahead"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Kanta","family":"Subbarao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2104974","article-title":"Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 Variants","author":"Abu-Raddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02107-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02107-20","article-title":"Neutralizing Antibodies Correlate with Protection from SARS-CoV-2 in Humans during a Fishery Vessel Outbreak with a High Attack Rate","volume":"58","author":"Addetia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.8565","article-title":"Effect of 2 Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial","author":"Al Kaabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa066092","article-title":"Duration of humoral immunity to common viral and vaccine antigens","volume":"357","author":"Amanna","year":"2007","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01347-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 escaped natural immunity, raising questions about vaccines and therapies","volume":"27","author":"Andreano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Baden","year":"2021","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2852-1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody structures inform therapeutic strategies","volume":"588","author":"Barnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02590-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02590-20","article-title":"Decline of Humoral Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Spike in Convalescent Individuals","volume":"11","author":"Beaudoin-Bussi\u00e8res","year":"2020","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib9","article-title":"Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant","author":"Bernal","year":"2021","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib10","article-title":"Early effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and ChAdOx1 adenovirus vector vaccine on symptomatic disease, hospitalisations and mortality in older adults in England","author":"Bernal","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9804","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403492101","article-title":"Contributions of the structural proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus to protective immunity","volume":"101","author":"Buchholz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib12","article-title":"Structural Basis for Accommodation of Emerging B.1.351 and B.1.1.7 Variants by Two Potent SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies","author":"Cerutti","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8534-z","article-title":"T cell-mediated immune response to respiratory coronaviruses","volume":"59","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141706","article-title":"The Immunobiology of SARS\u2217","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e598","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00026-7","article-title":"Serological evidence of human infection with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2031364","article-title":"Persistence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an Immunocompromised Host","volume":"383","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.24.1.157-160.1986","article-title":"Serum and nasal wash antibodies associated with resistance to experimental challenge with influenza A wild-type virus","volume":"24","author":"Clements","year":"1986","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03412-7","article-title":"Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies","volume":"593","author":"Collier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2622-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness","volume":"586","author":"Corbett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa618","article-title":"Dynamics of Neutralizing Antibody Titers in the Months After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection","volume":"223","author":"Crawford","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101765","article-title":"BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting","volume":"384","author":"Dagan","year":"2021","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf4063","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf4063","article-title":"Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8\u00a0months after infection","volume":"371","author":"Dan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.032","article-title":"The antigenic anatomy of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain","volume":"184","author":"Dejnirattisai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.8.2.15013","article-title":"Coronaviruses: an RNA proofreading machine regulates replication fidelity and diversity","volume":"8","author":"Denison","year":"2011","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib25","first-page":"ciab069","article-title":"Protection of healthcare workers against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection","author":"Dimeglio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.03.009","article-title":"Infection- and vaccine-induced antibody binding and neutralization of the B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 variant","volume":"29","author":"Edara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell host & microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009453","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009453","article-title":"A human coronavirus evolves antigenically to escape antibody immunity","volume":"17","author":"Eguia","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib28","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152: interim results from a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, phase 2 trial, and 3-month follow-up of a double-blind, randomised phase 1 trial","author":"Ella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30942-7","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152: a double-blind, randomised, phase 1 trial","volume":"21","author":"Ella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31604-4","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1\/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"396","author":"Folegatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00370-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variants and ending the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"397","author":"Fontanet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib32","article-title":"Impact of the B.1.1.7 variant on neutralizing monoclonal antibodies recognizing diverse epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 Spike","author":"Graham","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.11.007","article-title":"Complete Mapping of Mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain that Escape Antibody Recognition","volume":"29","author":"Greaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell host & microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02940-20","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infection Severity Is Linked to Superior Humoral Immunity against the Spike","volume":"12","author":"Guthmiller","year":"2021","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105000","article-title":"Vaccine Breakthrough Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Variants","volume":"384","author":"Hacisuleyman","year":"2021","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.036","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies","volume":"184","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13423","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13423","article-title":"Global perspective of COVID-19 epidemiology for a full-cycle pandemic","volume":"50","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.265892","article-title":"Infection fatality rate of COVID-19 inferred from seroprevalence data","volume":"99","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00068-9","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike E484K mutation reduces antibody neutralisation","author":"Jangra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2026920","article-title":"Phase 1-2 Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Keech","year":"2020","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03291-y","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 evolution during treatment of chronic infection","volume":"592","author":"Kemp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01377-8","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Khoury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30248-6","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector vaccine candidate for Middle East respiratory syndrome: an open-label, phase 1 trial","volume":"20","author":"Koch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd1525","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd1525","article-title":"Development and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines for those most vulnerable","volume":"13","author":"Koff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.043","article-title":"Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus","volume":"182","author":"Korber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2798-3","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development","volume":"586","author":"Krammer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2101667","article-title":"Antibody Responses in Seropositive Persons after a Single Dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Krammer","year":"2021","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2105280","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccines: what needs to be done?","author":"Krause","year":"2021","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.03.008","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike variants exhibit differential infectivity and neutralization resistance to convalescent or post-vaccination sera","volume":"29","author":"Kuzmina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell host & microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1038-6","article-title":"A dynamic COVID-19 immune signature includes associations with poor prognosis","volume":"26","author":"Laing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2550-z","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-specific T\u00a0cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls","volume":"584","author":"Le Bert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00588-2","article-title":"A longitudinal study of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients reveals a high correlation between neutralizing antibodies and COVID-19 severity","volume":"18","author":"Legros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib53","first-page":"ciab495","article-title":"Risk of reinfection after seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2: A population-based propensity-score matched cohort study","author":"Leidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00158-2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and subsequent infection risk in healthy young adults: a prospective cohort study","author":"Letizia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00698-1","article-title":"Assessing the age specificity of infection fatality rates for COVID-19: systematic review, meta-analysis, and public policy implications","volume":"35","author":"Levin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01316-7","article-title":"Initial report of decreased SARS-CoV-2 viral load after inoculation with the BNT162b2 vaccine","volume":"27","author":"Levine-Tiefenbrun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350701200702","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity from a phase I trial of inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccine","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.11.006","article-title":"T-cell immunity of SARS-CoV: Implications for vaccine development against MERS-CoV","volume":"137","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2102017","article-title":"Neutralizing Activity of BNT162b2-Elicited Serum","volume":"384","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.01.014","article-title":"Identification of SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations that attenuate monoclonal and serum antibody neutralization","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell host & microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00234-8","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia","volume":"397","author":"Logunov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib62","article-title":"An observational cohort study on the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and B.1.1.7 variant infection in healthcare workers by antibody and vaccination status","author":"Lumley","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2005630","article-title":"Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed","volume":"382","author":"Lurie","year":"2020","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102214","article-title":"Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant","volume":"384","author":"Madhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.09.026","article-title":"A SARS DNA vaccine induces neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses in healthy adults in a Phase I clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03041-6","article-title":"Correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques","volume":"590","author":"McMahan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2607-z","article-title":"Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques","volume":"586","author":"Mercado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30266-X","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an anti-Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus DNA vaccine: a phase 1, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation trial","volume":"19","author":"Modjarrad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2104192","article-title":"Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Antibody Responses Elicited by SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 (B.1.351)","volume":"384","author":"Moyo-Gwete","year":"2021","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg6105","article-title":"Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 pseudovirus by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited human sera","volume":"371","author":"Muik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100264","article-title":"BNT162b2 vaccination effectively prevents the rapid rise of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 in high-risk populations in Israel","volume":"2","author":"Munitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n334","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n334","article-title":"Covid-19 deaths in Africa: prospective systematic postmortem surveillance study","volume":"372","author":"Mwananyanda","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2103931","article-title":"Interplay between Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Pandemic Control","volume":"384","author":"Neuzil","year":"2021","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200841","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease Patients","volume":"26","author":"Okba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-6976","article-title":"The Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 Infections That Are Asymptomatic : A Systematic Review","volume":"174","author":"Oran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7348","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1707304114","article-title":"Immunogenicity and structures of a rationally designed prefusion MERS-CoV spike antigen","volume":"114","author":"Pallesen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.037","article-title":"Mapping Neutralizing and Immunodominant Sites on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain by Structure-Guided High-Resolution Serology","volume":"183","author":"Piccoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01318-5","article-title":"Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies","volume":"27","author":"Planas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30282-6","article-title":"Community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in England from April to November, 2020: results from the ONS Coronavirus Infection Survey","volume":"6","author":"Pouwels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib81","article-title":"Impact of vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 cases in the community: a population-based study using the UK\u2019s COVID-19 Infection Survey","author":"Pritchard","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2101918118","article-title":"Nanobody cocktails potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2 D614G N501Y variant and protect mice","volume":"118","author":"Pymm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32466-1","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2\/3 trial","volume":"396","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib84","first-page":"ciab213","article-title":"Are some COVID vaccines better than others? Interpreting and comparing estimates of efficacy in trials of COVID-19 vaccines","author":"Rapaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108890","article-title":"The effect of spike mutations on SARS-CoV-2 neutralization","volume":"34","author":"Rees-Spear","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.6.1972","article-title":"Passive transfer of local immunity to influenza virus infection by IgA antibody","volume":"146","author":"Renegar","year":"1991","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib87","first-page":"eabh1282","article-title":"Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection rescues B and T\u00a0cell responses to variants after first vaccine dose","author":"Reynolds","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.3341","article-title":"Binding and Neutralization Antibody Titers After a Single Vaccine Dose in Health Care Workers Previously Infected With SARS-CoV-2","volume":"325","author":"Saadat","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101544","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Single-Dose Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine against Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"Sadoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00813-8","article-title":"Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans","volume":"5","author":"Seow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.03.002","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 is susceptible to neutralizing antibodies elicited by ancestral spike vaccines","volume":"29","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell host & microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2103055","article-title":"Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant","volume":"384","author":"Shinde","year":"2021","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01095-3","article-title":"Report of the Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response: making COVID-19 the last pandemic","author":"Sirleaf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80541-5","article-title":"Humoral immunity due to long-lived plasma cells","volume":"8","author":"Slifka","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020400","article-title":"Receptor-mediated immunoglobulin G transport across mucosal barriers in adult life: functional expression of FcRn in the mammalian lung","volume":"196","author":"Spiekermann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib96","first-page":"eabg9175","article-title":"mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Stamatatos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-02944-8","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccines: time to talk about the uncertainties","volume":"586","author":"Subbarao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.019","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: A New Song Recalls an Old Melody","volume":"27","author":"Subbarao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.7.3572-3577.2004","article-title":"Prior infection and passive transfer of neutralizing antibody prevent replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the respiratory tract of mice","volume":"78","author":"Subbarao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7013e3","volume":"70","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib101","article-title":"Mutation N501Y in RBD of Spike Protein Strengthens the Interaction between COVID-19 and its Receptor ACE2","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03647-4","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2608-y","article-title":"ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques","volume":"586","author":"van Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00677-2","article-title":"Interim findings from first-dose mass COVID-19 vaccination roll-out and COVID-19 hospital admissions in Scotland: a national prospective cohort study","volume":"397","author":"Vasileiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03275-y","article-title":"BNT162b vaccines protect rhesus macaques from SARS-CoV-2","volume":"592","author":"Vogel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32661-1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK","volume":"397","author":"Voysey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00432-3","article-title":"Single-dose administration and the influence of the timing of the booster dose on immunogenicity and efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine: a pooled analysis of four randomised trials","volume":"397","author":"Voysey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.008","article-title":"Development of an Inactivated Vaccine Candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with Potent Protection against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"182","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61312","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.61312","article-title":"Escape from neutralizing antibodies by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants","volume":"9","author":"Weisblum","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21444-5","article-title":"Evolution of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mild-moderate COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Wheatley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01285-x","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma","volume":"27","author":"Wibmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00306-8","article-title":"Challenges in ensuring global access to COVID-19 vaccines: production, affordability, allocation, and deployment","volume":"397","author":"Wouters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pix102","article-title":"Mucosal Immunity: The Forgotten Arm of the Immune System","volume":"8","author":"Wright","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pediatric Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2102179","article-title":"Serum Neutralizing Activity Elicited by mRNA-1273 Vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30987-7","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in healthy adults aged 60 years and older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1\/2 clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30831-8","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"21","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30843-4","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1\/2 clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2018.1506702","article-title":"Prospects for a MERS-CoV spike vaccine","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.052","article-title":"Compromised Humoral Functional Evolution Tracks with SARS-CoV-2 Mortality","volume":"183","author":"Zohar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Cell Host & Microbe"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1931312821002985?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1931312821002985?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T12:27:53Z","timestamp":1761827273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1931312821002985"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1931312821002985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1931-3128"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1931-3128","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The success of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and challenges ahead","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cell Host & Microbe","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}