{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:08:13Z","timestamp":1791558493895,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001839","name":"University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32500034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32500034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012479","name":"General Research Fund of Shanghai Normal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRF 17117425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRF 17117425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell Host & Microbe"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T12:27:40Z","timestamp":1778761660000},"page":"790-807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The human skin virome: Ecological dynamics, aberrant profiles, and therapeutic opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"You","family":"Che","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4424-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi H.","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.157","article-title":"The human skin microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Byrd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01211-9","article-title":"The human skin microbiome: from metagenomes to therapeutics","volume":"23","author":"Oh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo0693","article-title":"Microbiota and maintenance of skin barrier function","volume":"376","author":"Harris-Tryon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.12.007","article-title":"Anatomy promotes neutral coexistence of strains in the human skin microbiome","volume":"30","author":"Conwill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.04.034","article-title":"Shifts in the Skin Bacterial and Fungal Communities of Healthy Children Transitioning through Puberty","volume":"142","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-022-00287-9","article-title":"Associations of the skin, oral and gut microbiome with aging, frailty and infection risk reservoirs in older adults","volume":"2","author":"Larson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2017.5440","article-title":"Association of Disease Severity With Skin Microbiome and Filaggrin Gene Mutations in Adult Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"154","author":"Clausen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd8077","article-title":"Alterations of human skin microbiome and expansion of antimicrobial resistance after systemic antibiotics","volume":"13","author":"Jo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.06.017","article-title":"The Skin Microbiota: Balancing Risk and Reward","volume":"28","author":"Flowers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay5445","article-title":"A Cutibacterium acnes antibiotic modulates human skin microbiota composition in hair follicles","volume":"12","author":"Claesen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18634","article-title":"Human commensals producing a novel antibiotic impair pathogen colonization","volume":"535","author":"Zipperer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat8329","article-title":"Quorum sensing between bacterial species on the skin protects against epidermal injury in atopic dermatitis","volume":"11","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aah4680","article-title":"Antimicrobials from human skin commensal bacteria protect against Staphylococcus aureus and are deficient in atopic dermatitis","volume":"9","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25177","article-title":"Skin microbiota-host interactions","volume":"553","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.01.004","article-title":"Commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis contributes to skin barrier homeostasis by generating protective ceramides","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.05.011","article-title":"Commensal microbiota regulates skin barrier function and repair via signaling through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"29","author":"Uberoi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.03.003","article-title":"Bacteria induce skin regeneration via IL-1beta signaling","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225152","article-title":"Compartmentalized control of skin immunity by resident commensals","volume":"337","author":"Naik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.10.016","article-title":"A Wave of Regulatory T Cells into Neonatal Skin Mediates Tolerance to Commensal Microbes","volume":"43","author":"Scharschmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.03.001","article-title":"Commensal Microbes and Hair Follicle Morphogenesis Coordinately Drive Treg Migration into Neonatal Skin","volume":"21","author":"Scharschmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14052","article-title":"Commensal-dendritic-cell interaction specifies a unique protective skin immune signature","volume":"520","author":"Naik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08376-y","article-title":"Skin autonomous antibody production regulates host-microbiota interactions","volume":"638","author":"Gribonika","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10851","article-title":"Skin infection generates non-migratory memory CD8+ T(RM) cells providing global skin immunity","volume":"483","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13786","article-title":"Biogeography and individuality shape function in the human skin metagenome","volume":"514","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.008","article-title":"Temporal Stability of the Human Skin Microbiome","volume":"165","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.03.010","article-title":"Staphylococcal diversity in atopic dermatitis from an individual to a global scale","volume":"31","author":"Saheb Kashaf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.03.006","article-title":"Strain- and Species-Level Variation in the Microbiome of Diabetic Wounds Is Associated with Clinical Outcomes and Therapeutic Efficacy","volume":"25","author":"Kalan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.03.1501","article-title":"Longitudinal Study of the Psoriasis-Associated Skin Microbiome during Therapy with Ustekinumab in a Randomized Phase 3b Clinical Trial","volume":"138","author":"Loesche","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0311-5","article-title":"Phage diversity, genomics and phylogeny","volume":"18","author":"Dion","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01156-z","article-title":"Genetics, ecology and evolution of phage satellites","volume":"23","author":"Penad\u00e9s","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab064","article-title":"Bacteria have numerous distinctive groups of phage-plasmids with conserved phage and variable plasmid gene repertoires","volume":"49","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat5867","article-title":"Genome hypermobility by lateral transduction","volume":"362","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00934-x","article-title":"The highly diverse antiphage defence systems of bacteria","volume":"21","author":"Georjon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2025.09.012","article-title":"Human papillomavirus: An update","volume":"44","author":"Kohli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00617-5","article-title":"Human papillomaviruses: diversity, infection and host interactions","volume":"20","author":"McBride","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.09.013","article-title":"The Biology and Clinical Features of Cutaneous Polyomaviruses","volume":"139","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02779-7","article-title":"Herpesviruses: overview of systematics, genomic complexity and life cycle","volume":"22","author":"Dotto-Maurel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.05.020","article-title":"Endogenous retroviruses promote homeostatic and inflammatory responses to the microbiota","volume":"184","author":"Lima-Junior","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22734-7","article-title":"Transcriptional landscape of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and other repetitive elements in psoriatic skin","volume":"8","author":"L\u00e4ttekivi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.017","article-title":"Resurrection of endogenous retroviruses during aging reinforces senescence","volume":"186","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-01011-w","article-title":"Integrating cultivation and metagenomics for a multi-kingdom view of skin microbiome diversity and functions","volume":"7","author":"Saheb Kashaf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib42","article-title":"Skin metatranscriptomics reveals a landscape of variation in microbial activity and gene expression across the human body","author":"Chia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1451-5","article-title":"Human placenta has no microbiome but can contain potential pathogens","volume":"572","author":"de Goffau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.02.016","article-title":"Early life host-microbe interactions in skin","volume":"30","author":"Dwyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11971","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002601107","article-title":"Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns","volume":"107","author":"Dominguez-Bello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4272","article-title":"Maturation of the infant microbiome community structure and function across multiple body sites and in relation to mode of delivery","volume":"23","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15671","article-title":"The skin microbiome in the first year of life and its association with atopic dermatitis","volume":"78","author":"Rapin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-023-03090-w","article-title":"A genome catalog of the early-life human skin microbiome","volume":"24","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.6.2509-2514.2003","article-title":"General Acquisition of Human Papillomavirus Infections of Skin Occurs in Early Infancy","volume":"41","author":"Antonsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01338-08","article-title":"Intrafamilial transmission and family-specific spectra of cutaneous betapapillomaviruses","volume":"83","author":"Weissenborn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2192-1","article-title":"The stepwise assembly of the neonatal virome is modulated by breastfeeding","volume":"581","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45257-4","article-title":"Transmission and dynamics of mother-infant gut viruses during pregnancy and early life","volume":"15","author":"Garmaeva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3950","article-title":"Early life dynamics of the human gut virome and bacterial microbiome in infants","volume":"21","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.11.015","article-title":"Infant gut DNA bacteriophage strain persistence during the first 3 years of life","volume":"32","author":"Lou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/gm378","article-title":"Shifts in human skin and nares microbiota of healthy children and adults","volume":"4","author":"Oh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix516","article-title":"Prevalence and Genetic Variability of Human Polyomaviruses 6 and 7 in Healthy Skin Among Asymptomatic Individuals","volume":"217","author":"Hashida","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00438-12","article-title":"Age-specific seroprevalences of merkel cell polyomavirus, human polyomaviruses 6, 7, and 9, and trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus","volume":"20","author":"Nicol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.12.017","article-title":"Trichodysplasia Spinulosa Polyomavirus Infection Occurs during Early Childhood with Intrafamilial Transmission, Especially from Mother to Child","volume":"137","author":"Pedergnana","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comprehensive Review of Molluscum Contagiosum in Children: Prevalence, Transmission, Clinical Features, and FDA-Approved Treatments","volume":"8","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Angiotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13216","article-title":"High prevalence of cutaneous warts in elementary school children and the ubiquitous presence of wart-associated human papillomavirus on clinically normal skin","volume":"172","author":"de Koning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000091","article-title":"Seroprevalence of 34 human papillomavirus types in the German general population","volume":"4","author":"Michael","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01578-15","article-title":"The human skin double-stranded DNA virome: topographical and temporal diversity, genetic enrichment, and dynamic associations with the host microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Hannigan","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02012-3","article-title":"The persistence and stabilization of auxiliary genes in the human skin virome","volume":"20","author":"Graham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wrae218","article-title":"Chronic exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons alters skin virome composition and virus-host interactions","volume":"18","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-014-0071-7","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of double-stranded DNA viruses in healthy adults","volume":"12","author":"Wylie","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038499","article-title":"Human skin microbiota: high diversity of DNA viruses identified on the human skin by high throughput sequencing","volume":"7","author":"Foulongne","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01370-6","article-title":"Centenarians have a diverse gut virome with the potential to modulate metabolism and promote healthy lifespan","volume":"8","author":"Johansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.94","article-title":"Cutaneotropic human beta-\/gamma-papillomaviruses are rarely shared between family members","volume":"129","author":"Gottschling","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215553","article-title":"Risk factors for herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and reactivation: Cross-sectional studies among EPIC-Norfolk participants","volume":"14","author":"Forbes","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw040","article-title":"Ecology of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus in Healthy Skin Among Individuals in an Asian Cohort","volume":"213","author":"Hashida","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02777-21","article-title":"The Chronic Wound Phageome: Phage Diversity and Associations with Wounds and Healing Outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Verbanic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg4015","article-title":"The phageome in normal and inflamed human skin","volume":"9","author":"Wielscher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.05.023","article-title":"Bacteriophage of the Skin Microbiome in Patients with Psoriasis and Healthy Family Controls","volume":"140","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39491","article-title":"The balance of metagenomic elements shapes the skin microbiome in acne and health","volume":"6","author":"Barnard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01290-25","article-title":"Hidradenitis suppurativa patients exhibit a distinctive and highly individualized skin virome","volume":"11","author":"Jansen","year":"2026","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70109-9","article-title":"Molluscum contagiosum virus infection","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2024.168925","article-title":"PaVE 2.0: Behind the Scenes of the Papillomavirus Episteme","volume":"437","author":"Dommer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib78","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of human papilloma virus related skin cancers: A review","volume":"103","author":"Cozma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. (Baltim.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12070749","article-title":"Commensal HPVs Have Evolved to Be More Immunogenic Compared with High-Risk alpha-HPVs","volume":"12","author":"Guennoun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2021.102618","article-title":"Human papillomavirus symptomatic infection associated with increased risk of new-onset alopecia areata: A nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"119","author":"Tu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4786","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00093-14","article-title":"Human papillomavirus community in healthy persons, defined by metagenomics analysis of human microbiome project shotgun sequencing data sets","volume":"88","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.049","article-title":"Warts and all: human papillomavirus in primary immunodeficiencies","volume":"130","author":"Leiding","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16697","article-title":"Recent advances in cutaneous HPV infection","volume":"50","author":"Shimizu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.06.1590","article-title":"Skin Microbiome Shifts Associated with Elevated Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk","volume":"146","author":"Saheb Kashaf","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llae050","article-title":"Human papillomavirus detection rates in Bowen disease: correlation with pelvic and digital region involvement and specific p53 immunostaining patterns","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-016-0505-3","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection and p16 expression in the immunocompetent patients with extragenital\/extraungual Bowen\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"\u0160vajdler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18548","article-title":"The role of HPV in keratinocyte skin cancer development: A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Neagu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.70002","article-title":"Skin Tumors Associated With Cutaneous HPV Infection","volume":"53","author":"Sullivan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112234","article-title":"Human Papillomaviruses-Associated Cancers: An Update of Current Knowledge","volume":"13","author":"Pe\u0161ut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14537","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and posttransplantation cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: A multicenter, prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Bouwes Bavinck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.4530","article-title":"Association Between beta-Genus Human Papillomavirus and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Immunocompetent Individuals-A Meta-analysis","volume":"152","author":"Chahoud","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.12.005","article-title":"Beta papillomaviruses: From foe to friend in skin cancer immunity","volume":"43","author":"Lebrusant-Fernandez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2502114","article-title":"Resolution of Squamous-Cell Carcinoma by Restoring T-Cell Receptor Signaling","volume":"393","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1719-9","article-title":"Immunity to commensal papillomaviruses protects against skin cancer","volume":"575","author":"Strickley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.11.013","article-title":"Commensal papillomavirus immunity preserves the homeostasis of highly mutated normal skin","volume":"43","author":"Son","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.162558","article-title":"Whole transcriptome\u2013based skin virome profiling in typical epidermodysplasia verruciformis reveals \u03b1-, \u03b2-, and \u03b3-HPV infections","volume":"8","author":"Saeidian","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0211-7","article-title":"Expanded skin virome in DOCK8-deficient patients","volume":"24","author":"Tirosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2025.07.002","article-title":"Restoration of the human skin microbiome following immune recovery after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"33","author":"Che","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12719","article-title":"WHIM syndrome: Immunopathogenesis, treatment and cure strategies","volume":"287","author":"McDermott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib100","article-title":"Expanded microbiome niches of RAG-deficient patients","volume":"4","author":"Blaustein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.004","article-title":"Humans with inherited T cell CD28 deficiency are susceptible to skin papillomaviruses but are otherwise healthy","volume":"184","author":"B\u00e9ziat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102715","article-title":"Treatment of Relapsing HPV Diseases by Restored Function of Natural Killer Cells","volume":"385","author":"Lisco","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.10.021","article-title":"Delayed antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected individuals leads to irreversible depletion of skin- and mucosa-resident memory T cells","volume":"54","author":"Saluzzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152586","article-title":"Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma","volume":"319","author":"Feng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.05.006","article-title":"Merkel cell polyomavirus and two previously unknown polyomaviruses are chronically shed from human skin","volume":"7","author":"Schowalter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001024","article-title":"Discovery of a New Human Polyomavirus Associated with Trichodysplasia Spinulosa in an Immunocompromized Patient","volume":"6","author":"van der Meijden","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4586","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02602-10","article-title":"A novel human polyomavirus closely related to the african green monkey-derived lymphotropic polyomavirus","volume":"85","author":"Scuda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.740947","article-title":"Natural History of Cutaneous Human Polyomavirus Infection in Healthy Individuals","volume":"12","author":"Bopp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10321","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01210-12","article-title":"Identification of MW polyomavirus, a novel polyomavirus in human stool","volume":"86","author":"Siebrasse","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.12.005","article-title":"Discovery of STL polyomavirus, a polyomavirus of ancestral recombinant origin that encodes a unique T antigen by alternative splicing","volume":"436","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphereDirect.00645-18","article-title":"Metagenomic Discovery of 83 New Human Papillomavirus Types in Patients with Immunodeficiency","volume":"3","author":"Pastrana","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.03.007","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a novel putative human polyomavirus","volume":"506","author":"Gheit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071546","article-title":"Serology Identifies LIPyV as a Feline Rather than a Human Polyomavirus","volume":"15","author":"Kamminga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07892-7","article-title":"The complex conundrum of Merkel cell carcinoma cellular ancestry","volume":"16","author":"Mazziotta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvr.2021.200232","article-title":"Merkel cell polyomavirus and associated Merkel cell carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tumour Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1604.091278","article-title":"Merkel Cell Polyomavirus in Cutaneous Swabs","volume":"16","author":"Foulongne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15020444","article-title":"Merkel Cell Polyomavirus: Infection, Genome, Transcripts and Its Role in Development of Merkel Cell Carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Houben","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.11.035","article-title":"Human polyomavirus 6 and 7 are associated with pruritic and dyskeratotic dermatoses","volume":"76","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.09.014","article-title":"Host-Pathogen Interactions in Human Polyomavirus 7\u2014Associated Pruritic Skin Eruption","volume":"141","author":"Rosenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib120","article-title":"Poxvirus-driven human diseases and emerging therapeutics","volume":"9","author":"Srinivasan Rajsri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib121","article-title":"Eyelid Molluscum Contagiosum: A Sign of Advanced HIV Infection","volume":"16","author":"Ortega","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib122","series-title":"Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2010-0156-RS","article-title":"Cutaneous infections caused by Herpesviridae: a review","volume":"135","author":"Chisholm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2024-056307","article-title":"Estimated global and regional incidence and prevalence of herpes simplex virus infections and genital ulcer disease in 2020: mathematical modelling analyses","volume":"101","author":"Harfouche","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30405-X","article-title":"Effect of HSV-2 infection on subsequent HIV acquisition: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Looker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.16","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus infection","volume":"1","author":"Gershon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib127","article-title":"Quantification of risk factors for herpes zoster: population based case-control study","volume":"348","author":"Forbes","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042207","article-title":"A population-based study of primary human herpesvirus 6 infection","volume":"352","author":"Zerr","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00437-24","article-title":"Update on human herpesvirus 7 pathogenesis and clinical aspects as a roadmap for future research","volume":"98","author":"Verbeek","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.10.027","article-title":"Human herpesvirus 6 reactivation in drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome and DRESS validation score","volume":"125","author":"Ushigome","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2025.03.017","article-title":"HHV-6 and HHV-7 reactivation in allogeneic CAR-T cell therapy","volume":"43","author":"Chow","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2888","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma and its associated herpesvirus","volume":"10","author":"Mesri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032695","article-title":"Bacteriophages and the Microbiome in Dermatology: The Role of the Phageome and a Potential Therapeutic Strategy","volume":"24","author":"Natarelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-023-01079-8","article-title":"The Microbiome and Acne: Perspectives for Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Dessinioti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther. (Heidelb)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2019.31.1.22","article-title":"Efficacy of Bacteriophages in Propionibacterium acnes-Induced Inflammation in Mice","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36694-8","article-title":"Topical phage therapy in a mouse model of Cutibacterium acnes-induced acne-like lesions","volume":"14","author":"Rimon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ski2.93","article-title":"Development of a topical bacteriophage gel targeting Cutibacterium acnes for acne prone skin and results of a phase 1 cosmetic randomized clinical trial","volume":"2","author":"Golembo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Skin Health Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib138","article-title":"Expression of a recombinant endolysin from bacteriophage CAP 10-3 with lytic activity against Cutibacterium acnes","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.4103\/MJBL.MJBL_91_23","article-title":"Novel Bacteriophage Cocktail, Endolysin-Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Gel, and Mixture Gel Therapy for Acne Vulgaris Caused by Multidrug Resistant Propionibacterium (Cutibacterium) acnes","volume":"22","author":"Hussain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. J. Babylon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.47","article-title":"The diversity and host interactions of Propionibacterium acnes bacteriophages on human skin","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15795","article-title":"Cutibacterium acnes phylotypes diversity loss: A trigger for skin inflammatory process","volume":"33","author":"Dagnelie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.20517\/mrr.2023.42","article-title":"Putative pseudolysogeny-dependent phage gene implicated in the superinfection resistance of Cutibacterium acnes","volume":"3","author":"Wottrich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome Res. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010007","article-title":"Staphylococcal Phage in Combination with Staphylococcus Epidermidis as a Potential Treatment for Staphylococcus Aureus-Associated Atopic Dermatitis and Suppressor of Phage-Resistant Mutants","volume":"13","author":"Shimamori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femsmc\/xtab003","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages from the human skin microbiome that infect Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"2","author":"Valente","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEMS Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.01.011","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy for human musculoskeletal and skin\/soft tissue infections","volume":"29","author":"Metsemakers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10123-022-00293-2","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy as an alternative technique for treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria causing diabetic foot infection","volume":"26","author":"Ghanaim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734619835115","article-title":"Bacteriophage Therapy of Chronic Nonhealing Wound: Clinical Study","volume":"18","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Low Extrem Wounds"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734619881076","article-title":"Use of Customized Bacteriophages in the Treatment of Chronic Nonhealing Wounds: A Prospective Study","volume":"20","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Low Extrem Wounds"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.11.018","article-title":"Randomized double-blind study on safety and tolerability of TP-102 phage cocktail in patients with infected and non-infected diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"6","author":"Nir-Paz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2009.18.6.42801","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy of venous leg ulcers in humans: results of a phase I safety trial","volume":"18","author":"Rhoads","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30482-1","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of a cocktail of bacteriophages to treat burn wounds infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PhagoBurn): a randomised, controlled, double-blind phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"19","author":"Jault","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.017","article-title":"Phage therapy: From biological mechanisms to future directions","volume":"186","author":"Strathdee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.558","article-title":"Effect of bacterial growth rate on bacteriophage population growth rate","volume":"7","author":"Nabergoj","year":"2018","journal-title":"MicrobiologyOpen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-024-00377-5","article-title":"Phage therapy","volume":"5","author":"Skurnik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2023.2181056","article-title":"Phage-inspired strategies to combat antibacterial resistance","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53759-4","article-title":"A long-context language model for deciphering and generating bacteriophage genomes","volume":"15","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib157","article-title":"Two decades of the HPV vaccine: its promise, progress, prospects, projections, and posterity","volume":"51","author":"Zeitouni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30298-3","article-title":"Population-level impact and herd effects following the introduction of human papillomavirus vaccination programmes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"394","author":"Drolet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib159","article-title":"Association between HPV vaccination and cervical screening policy changes and cervical cancer incidence and grade-3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia incidence in England, 2006\u20132020: a population-based trends analysis","volume":"49","author":"Falcaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1917338","article-title":"HPV Vaccination and the Risk of Invasive Cervical Cancer","volume":"383","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16905","article-title":"Intralesional human papillomavirus vaccine for the treatment of recalcitrant cutaneous warts","volume":"50","author":"Bar-Ilan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2025.0531","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and Actinic Keratosis Burden: The VAXAK Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"161","author":"Wenande","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2020.02.002","article-title":"Systemic and intratumoral 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine treatment for squamous cell carcinoma in situ in a renal transplant recipient","volume":"6","author":"Nichols","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.1748","article-title":"Combined Systemic and Intratumoral Administration of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine to Treat Multiple Cutaneous Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinomas","volume":"154","author":"Nichols","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11091490","article-title":"HPV Vaccination in Immunosuppressed Patients with Established Skin Warts and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: A Single-Institutional Cohort Study","volume":"11","author":"Bossart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1010790","article-title":"Next generation L2-based HPV vaccines cross-protect against cutaneous papillomavirus infection and tumor development","volume":"13","author":"Ahmels","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00539-0","article-title":"A broadly protective vaccine against cutaneous human papillomaviruses","volume":"7","author":"Mariz","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00832-0","article-title":"Inter-epitope spacer variation within polytopic L2-based human papillomavirus antigens affects immunogenicity","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12111239","article-title":"Enhanced Broad-Spectrum Efficacy of an L2-Based mRNA Vaccine Targeting HPV Types 6, 11, 16, 18, with Cross-Protection Against Multiple Additional High-Risk Types","volume":"12","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1253568","article-title":"LAMP1 targeting of the large T antigen of Merkel cell polyomavirus results in potent CD4 T cell responses and tumor inhibition","volume":"14","author":"Buchta Rosean","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00382-9","article-title":"Development of a therapeutic vaccine targeting Merkel cell polyomavirus capsid protein VP1 against Merkel cell carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116359","article-title":"Targeting an essential viral oncoprotein with an IL-7-enhanced mRNA vaccine induces durable immunity to Merkel cell carcinoma","volume":"44","author":"Frey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S429","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab387","article-title":"Herpes Zoster Vaccines","volume":"224","author":"Harbecke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1501184","article-title":"Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults","volume":"372","author":"Lal","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.05.009","article-title":"Therapeutic HSV-2 vaccine decreases recurrent virus shedding and recurrent genital herpes disease","volume":"37","author":"Bernstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz225","article-title":"A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1 Study of a Replication-Defective Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Type 2 Vaccine, HSV529, in Adults With or Without HSV Infection","volume":"220","author":"Dropulic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49546-w","article-title":"A cocktail nanovaccine targeting key entry glycoproteins elicits high neutralizing antibody levels against EBV infection","volume":"15","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39770-1","article-title":"Lymph node targeted multi-epitope subunit vaccine promotes effective immunity to EBV in HLA-expressing mice","volume":"14","author":"Dasari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-3","article-title":"Caught in the middle with multiple displacement amplification: the myth of pooling for avoiding multiple displacement amplification bias in a metagenome","volume":"2","author":"Marine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.213959.116","article-title":"metaSPAdes: a new versatile metagenomic assembler","volume":"27","author":"Nurk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4126","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa490","article-title":"Metaviral SPAdes: assembly of viruses from metagenomic data","volume":"36","author":"Antipov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac341","article-title":"vRhyme enables binning of viral genomes from metagenomes","volume":"50","author":"Kieft","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00990-y","article-title":"VirSorter2: a multi-classifier, expert-guided approach to detect diverse DNA and RNA viruses","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00867-0","article-title":"VIBRANT: automated recovery, annotation and curation of microbial viruses, and evaluation of viral community function from genomic sequences","volume":"8","author":"Kieft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01953-y","article-title":"Identification of mobile genetic elements with geNomad","volume":"42","author":"Camargo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-024-03320-9","article-title":"VirRep: a hybrid language representation learning framework for identifying viruses from human gut metagenomes","volume":"25","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-025-03733-0","article-title":"Highly accurate prophage island detection with PIDE","volume":"26","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-00774-7","article-title":"CheckV assesses the quality and completeness of metagenome-assembled viral genomes","volume":"39","author":"Nayfach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8883","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa621","article-title":"DRAM for distilling microbial metabolism to automate the curation of microbiome function","volume":"48","author":"Shaffer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib190","article-title":"PHROG: families of prokaryotic virus proteins clustered using remote homology","volume":"3","author":"Terzian","year":"2021","journal-title":"NAR Genom. Bioinform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-025-02095-4","article-title":"A call for caution in the biological interpretation of viral auxiliary metabolic genes","volume":"10","author":"Martin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64370-6","article-title":"VITAP: a high precision tool for DNA and RNA viral classification based on meta-omic data","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0100-8","article-title":"Taxonomic assignment of uncultivated prokaryotic virus genomes is enabled by gene-sharing networks","volume":"37","author":"Bin Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002083","article-title":"iPHoP: An integrated machine learning framework to maximize host prediction for metagenome-derived viruses of archaea and bacteria","volume":"21","author":"Roux","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100348","article-title":"Detection by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Virally Mediated Skin Diseases","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"JID Innov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01178-25","article-title":"A comprehensive reference catalog of human skin DNA virome reveals novel viral diversity and microenvironmental influences","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib197","article-title":"ViralCC retrieves complete viral genomes and virus-host pairs from metagenomic Hi-C data","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba5257","article-title":"Microbial single-cell RNA sequencing by split-pool barcoding","volume":"371","author":"Kuchina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Cell Host & Microbe"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1931312826001642?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1931312826001642?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T04:15:08Z","timestamp":1788322508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1931312826001642"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":198,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1931312826001642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1931-3128"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1931-3128","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The human skin virome: Ecological dynamics, aberrant profiles, and therapeutic opportunities","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cell Host & Microbe","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2026.04.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}