{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:40:44Z","timestamp":1793295644841,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010554","name":"Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002590","name":"American Lung Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21HL168070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HL168070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002590","name":"American Lung Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM141081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM141081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL176668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL176668"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chestcc.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CHEST Critical Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T23:40:38Z","timestamp":1778197238000},"page":"100274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterization and 3-Year Survival of Clinical Subtypes and Host Response Phenotypes of Acute Respiratory Failure Requiring Mechanical Ventilation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1018-948X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios D.","family":"Kitsios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Bain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Evankovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niall","family":"Prendergast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Hensley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomeka","family":"Suber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Inman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Saul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menaal","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shulin","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingze","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Dela Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mehdi","family":"Nouraie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan J.","family":"McVerry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faraaz A.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib1","article-title":"The epidemiology of respiratory failure in the United States 2002-2017: a serial cross-sectional study","volume":"2","author":"Kempker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.2371","article-title":"Use of mechanical ventilation across 3 countries","volume":"183","author":"Jivraj","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001778","article-title":"Effect of mechanical power on mortality in invasively ventilated ICU patients without the acute respiratory distress syndrome: an analysis of three randomised clinical trials","volume":"40","author":"Meenen DMP van","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30325-8","article-title":"Time-varying intensity of mechanical ventilation and mortality in patients with acute respiratory failure: a registry-based, prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Urner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0291","article-title":"Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries","volume":"315","author":"Bellani","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202311-2011ST","article-title":"An update on management of adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: an official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"209","author":"Qadir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202303-0558WS","article-title":"A new global definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"209","author":"Matthay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30305-8","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics, practice of ventilation, and clinical outcome in patients at risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units from 16 countries (PRoVENT): an international, multicentre, prospective study","volume":"4","author":"Neto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"10358","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01485-4","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: causes, pathophysiology, and phenotypes","volume":"400","author":"Bos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004018","article-title":"Host-response subphenotypes offer prognostic enrichment in patients with or at risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Kitsios","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib11","article-title":"Biomarker-based classification of patients with acute respiratory failure into inflammatory subphenotypes: a single-center exploratory study","volume":"3","author":"Drohan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202008-1026OC","article-title":"COVID-19 versus non-COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome: comparison of demographics, physiologic parameters, inflammatory biomarkers, and clinical outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Bain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4708","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48819-8","article-title":"Longitudinal multicompartment characterization of host-microbiota interactions in patients with acute respiratory failure","volume":"15","author":"Kitsios","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib14","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin definition","volume":"307","author":"Ranieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202006-2522OC","article-title":"Biological subphenotypes of acute respiratory distress syndrome show prognostic enrichment in mechanically ventilated patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"203","author":"Heijnen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201604-0801CI","article-title":"Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. an international working group report","volume":"194","author":"Collard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-066626","article-title":"Inter-rater reliability and prognostic value of baseline Radiographic Assessment of Lung Edema (RALE) scores in observational cohort studies of inpatients with COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Al-Yousif","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2023.100018","article-title":"Trajectories of host-response subphenotypes in patients with COVID-19 across the spectrum of respiratory support","volume":"1","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chest Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155401","article-title":"Survival after ICU discharge is shaped more by chronic disease than admission severity","volume":"92","author":"Blet","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30098-4","article-title":"Timing of onset and burden of persistent critical illness in Australia and New Zealand: a retrospective, population-based, observational study","volume":"4","author":"Iwashyna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"9596","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"Elm E von","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.14280","article-title":"Effect of a low vs intermediate tidal volume strategy on ventilator-free days in intensive care unit patients without ARDS: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"320","author":"Simonis","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib23","first-page":"624","article-title":"Targeted proteomic profiling of cardiogenic shock in the cardiac intensive care unit","volume":"13","author":"Patel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.103013","article-title":"Identifying biomarker-driven subphenotypes of cardiogenic shock: analysis of prospective cohorts and randomized controlled trials","volume":"79","author":"Soussi","year":"2025","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.70071","article-title":"Development and validation of a clinical scoring system predicting 30-day mortality in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00591","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00591-2021","article-title":"Mortality and survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib27","series-title":"Building an International Precision Medicine Platform Trial for the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): An Expert Consensus Project Report","author":"Reddy","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201004-0549OC","article-title":"Early identification of patients at risk of acute lung injury: evaluation of lung injury prediction score in a multicenter cohort study","volume":"183","author":"Gajic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-014-3608-x","article-title":"The ten diseases that look like ARDS","volume":"41","author":"Gu\u00e9rin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202505-543ST","article-title":"Research priorities for noninvasive sampling of the lower respiratory tract during acute respiratory failure: an official American Thoracic Society workshop report","volume":"22","author":"Bain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00157-0","article-title":"Advancing precision medicine for acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Beitler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003183","article-title":"Evaluating muscle mass in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome: a 1-year multicenter longitudinal study","volume":"46","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.059","article-title":"Fatigue symptoms during the first year following ARDS","volume":"158","author":"Neufeld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"}],"container-title":["CHEST Critical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949788426000419?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949788426000419?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:08:28Z","timestamp":1789373308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2949788426000419"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2949788426000419"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274","relation":{},"ISSN":["2949-7884"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2949-7884","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Characterization and 3-Year Survival of Clinical Subtypes and Host Response Phenotypes of Acute Respiratory Failure Requiring Mechanical Ventilation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"CHEST Critical Care","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chstcc.2026.100274","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc under license from the American College of Chest Physicians.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100274"}}