{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T02:25:32Z","timestamp":1768703132228,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010029","name":"Lancaster University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010029","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T11:40:40Z","timestamp":1620646840000},"page":"101670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Immunogenicity and efficacy of a bivalent vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Abdel-Sabour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Rohaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Owais J.A.","family":"Salman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samah E.","family":"Abodalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faten F.","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad S.","family":"Madkour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nabil A.","family":"Abdel-Wanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Munir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0005","series-title":"Diseases of Poultry","first-page":"101","article-title":"Infectious bronchitis","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2003"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450500367682","article-title":"Coronaviruses in poultry and other birds","volume":"34","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.566260","article-title":"Infectious bronchitis virus variants: a review of the history, current situation and control measures","volume":"40","author":"de Wit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0020","article-title":"Why do RNA viruses recombine?","volume":"9","author":"Simon-Loriere","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450600920984","article-title":"Infectious bronchitis virus: S1 gene characteristics of vaccines used in China and efficacy of vaccination against heterologous strains from China","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-3-78","article-title":"S1 gene sequence analysis of a nephropathogenic strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Egypt","volume":"3","author":"Abdel-Moneim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1445-1","article-title":"Emergence of a novel genotype of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Egypt","volume":"157","author":"Abdel-Moneim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2014.530.536","article-title":"Sequence analysis of infectious bronchitis virus IS\/1494 like strain isolated from broiler chicken co-infected with Newcastle disease virus in Egypt during 2012","volume":"13","author":"Hussein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-3042-1","article-title":"The sequence of the full spike S1 glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus circulating in Egypt reveals evidence of intra-genotypic recombination","volume":"161","author":"Zanaty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1637\/11566-121516-RegR","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of novel infectious bronchitis virus variants from vaccinated broiler flocks in Egypt","volume":"61","author":"Abdel-Sabour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-019-01693-9","article-title":"Emergence and genetic analysis of variant pathogenic 4\/91 (serotype 793\/B) infectious bronchitis virus in Egypt during 2019","volume":"55","author":"Rohaim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.05.006","article-title":"Complete genome sequences of two avian infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in Egypt: evidence for genetic drift and genetic recombination in the circulating viruses","volume":"53","author":"Abozeid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0065","article-title":"Emerging infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in Egypt: evidence for an evolutionary advantage of a new S1 variant with a unique gene 3ab constellation","volume":"85","author":"Moharam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol. J. Mol. Epidemiol. Evol. Genet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.36380\/jwpr.2020.10","article-title":"Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of full-length S1 gene of GI-16 and GI-23 infectious bronchitis virus in Qena, Egypt","volume":"10","author":"Sabra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. World\u2019s Poult. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijvsm.2013.10.002","article-title":"Molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated from broiler and layer chicken farms in Egypt during 2012","volume":"1","author":"Selim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v5.i3.125","article-title":"Genotyping and pathotyping of diversified strains of infectious bronchitis viruses circulating in Egypt","volume":"5","author":"Zanaty","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Virol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11060605","article-title":"Evolutionary analysis of infectious bronchitis virus reveals marked genetic diversity and recombination events","volume":"11","author":"Rohaim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1637\/7107","article-title":"Identification of a novel nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus in Israel","volume":"48","author":"Meir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1501\/Vetfak_0000002549","article-title":"Presence of IS\/1494\/06 genotype-related infectious bronchitis virus in breeder and broiler flocks in Turkey","volume":"60","author":"Kahya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ankara Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreco-2014-000111","article-title":"Protection conferred by live infectious bronchitis vaccine viruses against variant Middle East IS\/885\/00-like and IS\/ 1494\/06-like isolates in commercial broiler chicks","volume":"2","author":"Awad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Rec. Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459708419194","article-title":"Relationship between sequence variation in the S1 spike protein of infectious bronchitis virus and the extent of cross-protection in vivo","volume":"26","author":"Cavanagh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-011-1020-1","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a neutralizing-epitope-containing spike protein fragment in turkey coronavirus","volume":"156","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1637\/6094","article-title":"Attenuation, safety, and efficacy of an infectious bronchitis virus GA98 serotype vaccine","volume":"47","author":"Jackwood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450400013154","article-title":"Development and use of the H strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus from the Netherlands as a vaccine: a review","volume":"33","author":"Bijlenga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450120066421","article-title":"Protection of chickens against renal damage caused by a nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"30","author":"Cook","year":"2001","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.01.036","article-title":"Development and efficacy of a novel live-attenuated QX-like nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus vaccine in China","volume":"33","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4238","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey312","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of attenuated classic and variant 2 infectious bronchitis virus candidate vaccines","volume":"97","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00341","article-title":"Protective efficacy of different live attenuated infectious bronchitis virus vaccination regimes against challenge with IBV Variant-2 circulating in the Middle East","volume":"6","author":"Sultan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459994506","article-title":"Breadth of protection of the respiratory tract provided by different live-attenuated infectious bronchitis vaccines against challenge with infectious bronchitis viruses of heterologous serotypes","volume":"28","author":"Cook","year":"1999","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450802356938","article-title":"Pathogenicity of a QX strain of infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free and commercial broiler chickens, and evaluation of protection induced by a vaccination programme based on the Ma5 and 4\/91 serotypes","volume":"37","author":"Terregino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2013-00828","article-title":"Evaluation of protection conferred by a vaccination program based on the H120 and CR88 commercial vaccines against a field variant of avian infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"23","author":"Bourog\u00e2a","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0160","series-title":"A Laboratory Manual for the Isolation and Identification of Avian Pathogens","first-page":"169","article-title":"Infectious bronchitis","author":"Gelb","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0165","series-title":"Avian Infectious Bronchitis. OIE Terrestrial Manual","author":"OIE","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0170","first-page":"493","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0175","series-title":"Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques","author":"Bancroft","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1637\/9417-060510-Reg.1","article-title":"Nephritis associated with infectious bronchitis virus Cal99 variant in game chickens","volume":"55","author":"Fran\u00e7a","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985811415702","article-title":"Pathologic lesions caused by coinfection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and H3N8 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens","volume":"49","author":"Stipkovits","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450500096539","article-title":"S1 gene characteristics and efficacy of vaccination against infectious bronchitis virus field isolates from the United States and Israel (1996 to 2000)","volume":"34","author":"Gelb","year":"2005","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1637\/11063-031615-Case.1","article-title":"Co-infection with multiple respiratory pathogens contributes to increased mortality rates in Algerian poultry flocks","volume":"59","author":"Sid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew068","article-title":"Prevalence of avian respiratory viruses in broiler flocks in Egypt","volume":"95","author":"Hassan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/20190424090449","article-title":"A comparative assessment of efficacy of currently applied vaccines in broiler chicken against individual and Co-infection with field prevailing newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis viruses","volume":"52","author":"Imran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670_bib0210","series-title":"Infectious Bronchitis in Diseases of Poultry","first-page":"139","author":"Jackwood","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014795712100062X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014795712100062X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T06:45:10Z","timestamp":1758955510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S014795712100062X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S014795712100062X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-9571"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0147-9571","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Immunogenicity and efficacy of a bivalent vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101670","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101670"}}