{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:52:38Z","timestamp":1789429958744,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,19]],"date-time":"2014-04-19T16:46:52Z","timestamp":1397926012000},"page":"925-931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Antihypertensive Medication Adherence and Mortality According to Ethnicity: A Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hude","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanmin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60655-8","article-title":"Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001","volume":"371","author":"Lawes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors in ethnic populations within Canada: results from national cross-sectional surveys","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib3","first-page":"132","article-title":"Cardiovascular and cancer mortality among Canadians of European, south Asian and Chinese origin from 1979 to 1993: an analysis of 1.2 million deaths","volume":"161","author":"Sheth","year":"1999","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.19.2534","article-title":"Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analysis","volume":"289","author":"Psaty","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs075","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reduce mortality in hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors involving 158,998 patients","volume":"33","author":"van Vark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/00005082-199501000-00007","article-title":"Adherence to medication, diet, and activity recommendations: from assessment to maintenance","volume":"9","author":"Burke","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2004.03044.x","article-title":"Pharmacoeconomics of antihypertensive drug treatment: an analysis of how long patients remain on various antihypertensive therapies","volume":"6","author":"Esposti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.08.008","article-title":"Antihypertensive drug persistence and compliance among newly treated elderly hypertensives in ontario","volume":"123","author":"Friedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamainternmed.955","article-title":"Health system factors and antihypertensive adherence in a racially and ethnically diverse cohort of new users","volume":"173","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1L368","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities in medication use among veterans with hypertension and dementia: a national cohort study","volume":"43","author":"Poon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/00005082-200609000-00005","article-title":"Cultural factors associated with antihypertensive medication adherence in Chinese immigrants","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0165-9","article-title":"Hypertensive patients' race, health beliefs, process of care, and medication adherence","volume":"22","author":"Kressin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31825db0bd","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities in ART adherence in the United States: findings from the MACH14 study","volume":"60","author":"Simoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2012.02.004","article-title":"Disparities in adherence to and persistence with antihypertensive regimens: an exploratory analysis from a community-based provider network","volume":"6","author":"Ishisaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Soc Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300777","article-title":"Trust, medication adherence, and hypertension control in Southern African American men","volume":"102","author":"Elder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/1043659609360707","article-title":"Antihypertensive medication adherence among elderly Chinese Americans","volume":"21","author":"Hsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Transcult Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/1043659607305194","article-title":"Gender differences in Chinese immigrants: predictors for antihypertensive medication adherence","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Transcult Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/13557850701234955","article-title":"Antihypertensive adherence and drug class among Asian Pacific Americans","volume":"12","author":"Taira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.139279","article-title":"Validation of a case definition to define hypertension using administrative data","volume":"54","author":"Quan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/00005082-200509000-00010","article-title":"Treating hypertension with cardioprotective therapies: the role of ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and beta-blockers","volume":"20","author":"Staffileno","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14739-3","article-title":"Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials","volume":"362","author":"Turnbull","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib22","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. 2001 Census. Three-fold increase since 1981. Available at: http:\/\/www12.statcan.ca\/english\/census01\/products\/analytic\/companion\/etoimm\/canada.cfm#threefold_increase. Accessed August 8, 2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000204010.81331.a9","article-title":"Development and validation of a surname list to define Chinese ethnicity","volume":"44","author":"Quan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib24","first-page":"46","article-title":"The potential to identify South Asians using a computerised algorithm to classify names","volume":"97","author":"Harding","year":"1999","journal-title":"Popul Trends"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/21.4.401","article-title":"An assessment of the Nam Pehchan computer program for the identification of names of south Asian ethnic origin","volume":"21","author":"Cummins","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Public Health Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(97)80122-1","article-title":"The use of claims databases for outcomes research: rationale, challenges, and strategies","volume":"19","author":"Motheral","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1230","article-title":"Methods for evaluation of medication adherence and persistence using automated databases","volume":"15","author":"Andrade","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200209000-00009","article-title":"Patient adherence and medical treatment outcomes: a meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"DiMatteo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2006.12.3.239","article-title":"Relationship of blood pressure control to adherence with antihypertensive monotherapy in 13 managed care organizations","volume":"12","author":"Bramley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Manag Care Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000182534.19832.83","article-title":"Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data","volume":"43","author":"Quan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.959262","article-title":"Patterns of care and outcomes differ for urban versus rural patients with newly diagnosed heart failure, even in a universal healthcare system","volume":"4","author":"Gamble","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib32","series-title":"Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model (Statistics for Biology and Health)","author":"Therneau","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.907","article-title":"Ethnic disparities in blood pressure management in patients with hypertension after the introduction of pay for performance","volume":"6","author":"Millett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2009.67","article-title":"Factors associated with antihypertensive drug discontinuation among Chinese patients: a cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Wong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2307\/3348967","article-title":"Why people use health services","volume":"44","author":"Rosenstock","year":"1966","journal-title":"Milbank Mem Fund Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945906296431","article-title":"Chinese immigrants' management of their cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"29","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"West J Nurs Res"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2010.03.009","article-title":"Limited English proficiency is a barrier to receipt of advice about physical activity and diet among Hispanics with chronic diseases in the United States","volume":"110","author":"Lopez-Quintero","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.0223.x","article-title":"Interpreter services, language concordance, and health care quality. Experiences of Asian Americans with limited English proficiency","volume":"20","author":"Green","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1891\/jnum.13.3.231","article-title":"Cultural factors and medication compliance in Chinese immigrants who are taking antihypertensive medications: instrument development","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nurs Meas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib40","first-page":"276","article-title":"Ethnicity and health literacy: a survey on hypertension knowledge among Canadian ethnic populations","volume":"24","author":"Cunningham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38803.528113.55","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of ethnic differences in risks of adverse reactions to drugs used in cardiovascular medicine","volume":"332","author":"McDowell","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2007.03.005","article-title":"Traditional medicines used by Pakistani migrants from Mirpur living in Bradford, Northern England","volume":"16","author":"Pieroni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X13500031","article-title":"Prospective multicenter clinical trial of Chinese herbal formula JZQG (Jiangzhuoqinggan) for hypertension","volume":"41","author":"Tong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2012.07.020","article-title":"Hypotensive effects induced by herbal fomentation at Yongquan point","volume":"5","author":"Tong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Acupunct Meridian Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440330081009","article-title":"Outcome of hypertension management in Asian Americans","volume":"157","author":"Hui","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.13.1595","article-title":"Outcomes in hypertensive black and nonblack patients treated with chlorthalidone, amlodipine, and lisinopril","volume":"293","author":"Wright","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.2.177","article-title":"Relationship between adherence to evidence-based pharmacotherapy and long-term mortality after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"297","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0828282X14002839?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0828282X14002839?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T18:18:28Z","timestamp":1565374708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0828282X14002839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0828282X14002839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0828-282X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0828-282X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Antihypertensive Medication Adherence and Mortality According to Ethnicity: A Cohort Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Canadian Journal of Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.04.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}