{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T08:16:29Z","timestamp":1790410589511,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinecjc.ca","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,7]],"date-time":"2016-10-07T06:14:01Z","timestamp":1475820841000},"page":"189-198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Canadian Cardiovascular Society and Canadian Pediatric Cardiology Association Position Statement on the Approach to Syncope in the Pediatric Patient"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9296-7400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shubhayan","family":"Sanatani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vann","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Fournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9e","family":"Blondin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Sheldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.01195.x","article-title":"The diagnostic protocol in children and adolescents with syncope: a multi-centre prospective study","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.06.064","article-title":"The availability and the adherence to pediatric guidelines for the management of syncope in the Emergency Department","volume":"165","author":"Raucci","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.03.029","article-title":"2015 Heart Rhythm Society expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, and vasovagal syncope","volume":"12","author":"Sheldon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.12.068","article-title":"Syncope in the pediatric emergency department - can we predict cardiac disease based on history alone?","volume":"49","author":"Hurst","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.022996","article-title":"Reflex syncope in children and adolescents","volume":"90","author":"Wieling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100030626","article-title":"Syncope in childhood: a case control clinical study of the familial tendency to faint","volume":"17","author":"Camfield","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.28","article-title":"Cardiac syncope in pediatric patients","volume":"30","author":"Massin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00446.x","article-title":"Aetiologic and clinical characteristics of syncope in Chinese children","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80315-5","article-title":"The value of the clinical history in the differentiation of syncope due to ventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular block, and neurocardiogenic syncope","volume":"98","author":"Calkins","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2004.07.011","article-title":"Epidemiology and prognostic implications of syncope in young competing athletes","volume":"25","author":"Colivicchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951115001481","article-title":"Risk of cardiac disease and observations on lack of potential predictors by clinical history among children presenting for cardiac evaluation of mid-exertional syncope","volume":"26","author":"Miyake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951112001266","article-title":"Modified Calgary score in differential diagnosis between cardiac syncope and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome-associated syncope in children","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000123","article-title":"Pediatric syncope: is detailed medical history the key point for differential diagnosis?","volume":"30","author":"Ikiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib14","first-page":"441","article-title":"Convulsive syncope: characteristics and reproducibility using the tilt test","volume":"59","author":"Fernandez Sanmartin","year":"2003","journal-title":"An Pediatr (Barc)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360217","article-title":"Syncope: a videometric analysis of 56 episodes of transient cerebral hypoxia","volume":"36","author":"Lempert","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.02.006","article-title":"Syncope or seizure? The diagnostic value of synchronous tilt testing and video-EEG monitoring in children with transient loss of consciousness","volume":"24","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-006-1140-7","article-title":"Usefulness of the head-up tilt test in distinguishing neurally mediated syncope and epilepsy in children aged 5-20 years old","volume":"27","author":"Sabri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1053\/eupc.1999.0065","article-title":"Exercise-induced neurocardiogenic syncope: clinical data, pathophysiological aspects, and potential role of tilt table testing","volume":"2","author":"Kosinski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.01.048","article-title":"Syncope in pediatric patients presenting to an emergency department","volume":"145","author":"Massin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.07.023","article-title":"Distinguishing cardiac syncope from vasovagal syncope in a referral population","volume":"163","author":"Tretter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.10.039","article-title":"Syncope in children: diagnostic tests have a high cost and low yield","volume":"146","author":"Steinberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E58","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.5.e58","article-title":"What is the yield of screening echocardiography in pediatric syncope?","volume":"105","author":"Ritter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1395","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1513","article-title":"QTc values among children and adolescents presenting to the emergency department","volume":"128","author":"Van Dorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2008.03.037","article-title":"Accurate electrocardiographic assessment of the QT interval: teach the tangent","volume":"5","author":"Postema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951106000886","article-title":"Common patterns of response to the head-up tilt test in children and adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Boysen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib26","first-page":"242","article-title":"Usefulness of tilt testing in children with syncope: a survey of pediatric electrophysiologists","volume":"8","author":"Batra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-015-1097-5","article-title":"Oral rehydration salts: an effective choice for the treatment of children with vasovagal syncope","volume":"36","author":"Chu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.07.031","article-title":"The efficacy of midodrine hydrochloride in the treatment of children with vasovagal syncope","volume":"149","author":"Qingyou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.11.033","article-title":"Effectiveness of fludrocortisone and salt in preventing syncope recurrence in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial","volume":"45","author":"Salim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib30","first-page":"CR199","article-title":"Randomized comparison of metoprolol versus conventional treatment in preventing recurrence of vasovagal syncope in children and adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.82.6.721","article-title":"Cardiac pacing for severe childhood neurally mediated syncope with reflex anoxic seizures","volume":"82","author":"McLeod","year":"1999","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2011.02185.x","article-title":"Sentinel symptoms in patients with unexplained cardiac arrest: from the cardiac arrest survivors with preserved ejection fraction registry (CASPER)","volume":"23","author":"Krahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.2000.2577","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of children and adolescents with syncope; predictor of syncope recurrence","volume":"22","author":"Kouakam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0828282X16309783?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0828282X16309783?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]],"date-time":"2018-09-07T17:54:03Z","timestamp":1536342843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0828282X16309783"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0828282X16309783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0828-282X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0828-282X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Canadian Cardiovascular Society and Canadian Pediatric Cardiology Association Position Statement on the Approach to Syncope in the Pediatric Patient","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Canadian Journal of Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.09.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}