{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T13:44:39Z","timestamp":1784382279082,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinecjc.ca","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]],"date-time":"2018-12-06T03:06:00Z","timestamp":1544065560000},"page":"1553-1563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Canadian Cardiovascular Society Position Statement on Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Update 2018"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3686-3807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liam R.","family":"Brunham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9491-8028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Ruel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumayah","family":"Aljenedil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Rivi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Baass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0111-722X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack V.","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.B. John","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Raggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Couture","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3281-7915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glen J.","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Bergeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon A.","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6485-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian W.","family":"McCrindle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"St-Pierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2861-5325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A.","family":"Hegele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2248-9663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Genest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannette","family":"Goguen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gaudet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Par\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Romney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Ransom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tisha R.","family":"Joy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bewick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Brophy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016461","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Akioyamen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht273","article-title":"Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society","volume":"34","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.09.028","article-title":"Canadian Cardiovascular Society position statement on familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"30","author":"Genest","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.05.015","article-title":"Simplified Canadian definition for familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"34","author":"Ruel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2017.279422","article-title":"Imputation of baseline LDL cholesterol concentration in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia on statins or ezetimibe","volume":"64","author":"Ruel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.05.040","article-title":"Familial hypercholesterolemia in Canada: initial results from the FH Canada National Registry","volume":"277","author":"Brunham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2016.07.011","article-title":"US physician practices for diagnosing familial hypercholesterolemia: data from the CASCADE-FH registry","volume":"10","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw028","article-title":"Mutations causative of familial hypercholesterolaemia: screening of 98 098 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study estimated a prevalence of 1 in 217","volume":"37","author":"Benn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.07.510","article-title":"2016 Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult","volume":"32","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.8543","article-title":"Cascade screening for familial hypercholesterolemia and the use of genetic testing","volume":"318","author":"Knowles","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv157","article-title":"Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents: gaining decades of life by optimizing detection and treatment","volume":"36","author":"Wiegman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.08.009","article-title":"Genetically confirmed familial hypercholesterolemia in patients with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Amor-Salamanca","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aaf7000","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf7000","article-title":"Genetic identification of familial hypercholesterolemia within a single U.S. health care system","volume":"354","author":"Abul-Husn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.03.520","article-title":"Diagnostic yield and clinical utility of sequencing familial hypercholesterolemia genes in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia","volume":"67","author":"Khera","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602777","article-title":"Child-parent familial hypercholesterolemia screening in primary care","volume":"375","author":"Wald","year":"2016","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.308027","article-title":"Polygenic versus monogenic causes of hypercholesterolemia ascertained clinically","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib17","first-page":"565","article-title":"Selection of individuals for genetic testing for familial hypercholesterolaemia: development and external validation of a prediction model for the presence of a mutation causing familial hypercholesterolaemia","volume":"38","author":"Besseling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2014.231365","article-title":"Refinement of variant selection for the LDL cholesterol genetic risk score in the diagnosis of the polygenic form of clinical familial hypercholesterolemia and replication in samples from 6 countries","volume":"61","author":"Futema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.01.008","article-title":"Attainment of LDL-cholesterol treatment goals in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: 5-year SAFEHEART Registry follow-up","volume":"67","author":"Perez de Isla","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx004","article-title":"Impact of clinical signs and genetic diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia on the prevalence of coronary artery disease in patients with severe hypercholesterolaemia","volume":"38","author":"Tada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000297","article-title":"The agenda for familial hypercholesterolemia: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"132","author":"Gidding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30041-9","article-title":"Defining severe familial hypercholesterolaemia and the implications for clinical management: a consensus statement from the International Atherosclerosis Society Severe Familial Hypercholesterolemia Panel","volume":"4","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.05.044","article-title":"Clinical genetic testing for familial hypercholesterolemia: JACC Scientific Expert Panel","volume":"72","author":"Sturm","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2016.190","article-title":"Recommendations for reporting of secondary findings in clinical exome and genome sequencing, 2016 update (ACMG SF v2.0): a policy statement of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics","volume":"19","author":"Kalia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.04.054","article-title":"Statins in familial hypercholesterolemia: consequences for coronary artery disease and all-cause mortality","volume":"68","author":"Besseling","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2017.07.008","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in familial hypercholesterolemia: validation and refinement of the Montreal-FH-SCORE","volume":"11","author":"Paquette","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.12.020","article-title":"Severe heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and risk for cardiovascular disease: a study of a cohort of 14,000 mutation carriers","volume":"233","author":"Besseling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.12.005","article-title":"Carotid artery plaques and intima medial thickness in familial hypercholesteraemic patients on long-term statin therapy: a case control study","volume":"256","author":"Bos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a2423","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a2423","article-title":"Efficacy of statins in familial hypercholesterolaemia: a long term cohort study","volume":"337","author":"Versmissen","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025158","article-title":"Effect of rosuvastatin on carotid intima-media thickness in children with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: the CHARON study (Hypercholesterolemia in Children and Adolescents Taking Rosuvastatin Open Label)","volume":"136","author":"Braamskamp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib32","first-page":"2996","article-title":"ODYSSEY FH I and FH II: 78 week results with alirocumab treatment in 735 patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia","volume":"36","author":"Kastelein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2017.09.003","article-title":"Long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of evolocumab in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"11","author":"Hovingh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.04.014","article-title":"Attainment of recommended lipid targets in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: real-world experience with PCSK9 inhibitors","volume":"34","author":"Razek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1615664","article-title":"Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"376","author":"Sabatine","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2014.07.028","article-title":"Effect of alirocumab, a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9, on long-term cardiovascular outcomes following acute coronary syndromes: rationale and design of the ODYSSEY outcomes trial","volume":"168","author":"Schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2018.03.088","article-title":"Cardiovascular event reduction with PCSK9 inhibition among 1578 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: results from the SPIRE randomized trials of bococizumab","volume":"12","author":"Ridker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu274","article-title":"Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: new insights and guidance for clinicians to improve detection and clinical management. A position paper from the Consensus Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolaemia of the European Atherosclerosis Society","volume":"35","author":"Cuchel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029435","article-title":"The low-density lipoprotein receptor genotype is a significant determinant of the rebound in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration after lipoprotein apheresis among patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"136","author":"Drouin-Chartier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30565-X","article-title":"The fetal safety of statins: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Zarek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h1035","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1035","article-title":"Statins and congenital malformations: cohort study","volume":"350","author":"Bateman","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.1206","article-title":"Association between familial hypercholesterolemia and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"313","author":"Besseling","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2546","article-title":"Universal versus targeted blood cholesterol screening among youth: the CARDIAC project","volume":"126","author":"Ritchie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005_bib44","first-page":"CD006401","article-title":"Statins for children with familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"7","author":"Vuorio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0828282X18311711?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0828282X18311711?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]],"date-time":"2018-12-06T04:53:47Z","timestamp":1544072027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0828282X18311711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0828282X18311711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0828-282X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0828-282X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Canadian Cardiovascular Society Position Statement on Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Update 2018","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Canadian Journal of Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.09.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}