{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:14:37Z","timestamp":1786986877858,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011725","name":"Servier","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["175150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["175150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","onlinecjc.ca","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T16:58:28Z","timestamp":1643734708000},"page":"588-600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Inflammation as a Mechanism and Therapeutic Target in Peripheral Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Noel C.","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim A.C.","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Eikelboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Hirsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.11.3026","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of chronic arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities: a critical review","volume":"94","author":"Weitz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib2","first-page":"686","article-title":"2016 AHA\/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"135","author":"Gerhard-Herman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.307611","article-title":"Epidemiology of atherosclerosis and the potential to reduce the global burden of atherothrombotic disease","volume":"118","author":"Herrington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib4","first-page":"21","article-title":"Rivaroxaban and aspirin in patients with symptomatic lower extremity peripheral artery disease: a subanalysis of the COMPASS randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Kaplovitch","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.050","article-title":"Long-term outcomes and associations with major adverse limb events after peripheral artery revascularization","volume":"75","author":"Hess","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901143400207","article-title":"Atherosclerosis \u2014 an inflammatory disease","volume":"340","author":"Ross","year":"1999","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0902.104353","article-title":"Inflammation and atherosclerosis","volume":"105","author":"Libby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","article-title":"Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease","volume":"377","author":"Ridker","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912388","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of low-dose colchicine after myocardial infarction","volume":"381","author":"Tardif","year":"2019","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021372","article-title":"Colchicine in patients with chronic coronary disease","volume":"383","author":"Nidorf","year":"2020","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1968.tb53846.x","article-title":"The geographic pathology of atherosclerosis","volume":"149","author":"McGill","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806043382302","article-title":"Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults","volume":"338","author":"Berenson","year":"1998","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.8.727","article-title":"Prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults. Implications for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study","volume":"281","author":"Strong","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.237693","article-title":"Animal models of atherosclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Getz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1002358","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective natural-history study of coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Stone","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.5.2462","article-title":"A\u00a0definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association","volume":"89","author":"Stary","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1992.10737984","article-title":"Early lesions of atherosclerosis in childhood and youth: natural history and risk factors.","volume":"11","author":"Strong","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.5.1355","article-title":"A\u00a0definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis","volume":"92","author":"Stary","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.302721","article-title":"Mechanisms of plaque formation and rupture","volume":"114","author":"Bentzon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303566","article-title":"Pathogenesis of the limb manifestations and exercise limitations in peripheral artery disease","volume":"116","author":"Hiatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2019.02.016","article-title":"Global vascular guidelines on the management of chronic limb-threatening ischemia","volume":"69","author":"Conte","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib22","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Acute limb ischemia: an update on diagnosis and management","volume":"8","author":"Olinic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.002","article-title":"Pathology of peripheral artery disease in patients with critical limb ischemia","volume":"72","author":"Narula","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312864","article-title":"Pathologic disparities between peripheral artery disease and coronary artery disease","volume":"40","author":"Narula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R043414","article-title":"In celebration of the 100th anniversary of the lipid hypothesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"54","author":"Steinberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.04.003","article-title":"Plaque attack: one hundred years of atherosclerosis in The American Journal of Pathology","volume":"180","author":"Furie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197608122950707","article-title":"The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (first of two parts)","volume":"295","author":"Ross","year":"1976","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197608192950805","article-title":"The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (second of two parts)","volume":"295","author":"Ross","year":"1976","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra043430","article-title":"Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease","volume":"352","author":"Hansson","year":"2005","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.1043","article-title":"Inflammation, immunity, and infection in atherothrombosis: JACC Review Topic of the Week","volume":"72","author":"Libby","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-006-0176-7","article-title":"Atherosclerosis research from past to present--on the track of two pathologists with opposing views, Carl von Rokitansky and Rudolf Virchow","volume":"449","author":"Mayerl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm112","article-title":"Atherogenesis and inflammation\u2014was Virchow right?","volume":"22","author":"Methe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio0195","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: macrophage-derived foam cells emerging as therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Choudhury","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001214","article-title":"Macrophage gene expression and foam cell formation are regulated by plasminogen","volume":"127","author":"Das","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.9.3893","article-title":"T\u00a0lymphocytes from human atherosclerotic plaques recognize oxidized low density lipoprotein","volume":"92","author":"Stemme","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132620","article-title":"Immune and inflammatory mechanisms of atherosclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Galkina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.11.003","article-title":"Atherosclerosis and proteinase activation","volume":"69","author":"Dollery","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5262.685","article-title":"Mouse models of atherosclerosis","volume":"272","author":"Breslow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00024.2005","article-title":"Cytokines in atherosclerosis: pathogenic and regulatory pathways","volume":"86","author":"Tedgui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3520","article-title":"Macrophages in atherosclerosis: a dynamic balance","volume":"13","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101405","article-title":"The inflammasome NLRs in immunity, inflammation, and associated diseases","volume":"29","author":"Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07203","article-title":"From endoplasmic-reticulum stress to the inflammatory response","volume":"454","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25930","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome: its regulation and involvement in atherosclerosis","volume":"233","author":"Hoseini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.311362","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome and the IL-1 pathway in atherosclerosis","volume":"122","author":"Grebe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133328","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome: an overview of mechanisms of activation and regulation","volume":"20","author":"Kelley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306656","article-title":"From C-reactive protein to interleukin-6 to interleukin-1: moving upstream to identify novel targets for atheroprotection","volume":"118","author":"Ridker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0827-8","article-title":"The Nlrp3 inflammasome as a \u201crising star\u201d in studies of normal and malignant hematopoiesis","volume":"34","author":"Ratajczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.118.001926","article-title":"Clonal hematopoiesis","volume":"11","author":"Natarajan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Genom Precis Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.05.045","article-title":"Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential reshapes age-related CVD: JACC Review Topic of the Week","volume":"74","author":"Khetarpal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib50","article-title":"Novel insights into the NLRP 3 inflammasome in atherosclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.S091280","article-title":"Inflammasomes, neutrophil extracellular traps, and cholesterol","volume":"60","author":"Tall","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.20.2007","article-title":"C-reactive protein adds to the predictive value of total and HDL cholesterol in determining risk of first myocardial infarction","volume":"97","author":"Ridker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.8.731","article-title":"Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women","volume":"98","author":"Ridker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61717-7","article-title":"C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis","volume":"375","author":"Kaptoge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003233421202","article-title":"C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women","volume":"342","author":"Ridker","year":"2000","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.9.839","article-title":"Inflammation, pravastatin, and the risk of coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels","volume":"98","author":"Ridker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042378","article-title":"C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy","volume":"352","author":"Ridker","year":"2005","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628909","article-title":"Clinical relevance of C-reactive protein during follow-up of patients with acute coronary syndromes in the Aggrastat-to-Zocor Trial","volume":"114","author":"Morrow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000053730.47739.3C","article-title":"Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention","volume":"107","author":"Ridker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3601","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073601","article-title":"The role of circulating biomarkers in peripheral arterial disease","volume":"22","author":"Saenz-Pipaon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.04.081","article-title":"The role of biomarkers and genetics in peripheral arterial disease","volume":"54","author":"McDermott","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.19.2481","article-title":"Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein (a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease","volume":"285","author":"Ridker","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.719369","article-title":"Symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in women: nontraditional biomarkers of elevated risk","volume":"117","author":"Pradhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5609","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42154-5","article-title":"Lp-PLA(2) activity and mass and CRP are associated with incident symptomatic peripheral arterial disease","volume":"9","author":"Fatemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01797.x","article-title":"Circulating blood markers and functional impairment in peripheral arterial disease","volume":"56","author":"McDermott","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-021-00263-0","article-title":"Homocysteine metabolism as the target for predictive medical approach, disease prevention, prognosis, and treatments tailored to the person","volume":"12","author":"Koklesova","year":"2021","journal-title":"EPMA J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199804093381507","article-title":"Homocysteine and atherothrombosis","volume":"338","author":"Welch","year":"1998","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib68","article-title":"Folic acid supplementation and the risk of cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53510.x","article-title":"D-dimer and inflammatory markers as predictors of functional decline in men and women with and without peripheral arterial disease","volume":"53","author":"McDermott","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.4.374","article-title":"Functional decline in patients with and without peripheral arterial disease: predictive value of annual changes in levels of C-reactive protein and D-dimer","volume":"61","author":"McDermott","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2017.05.009","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between C-reactive protein and major cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease","volume":"54","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2021.02.026","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between C-reactive protein levels and adverse limb events after revascularization in patients with peripheral arterial disease","volume":"74","author":"Di","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018381","article-title":"Achievement of dual low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein targets more frequent with the addition of ezetimibe to simvastatin and associated with better outcomes in IMPROVE-IT","volume":"132","author":"Bohula","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0807646","article-title":"Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein","volume":"359","author":"Ridker","year":"2008","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib75","article-title":"Changes in C-reactive protein in response to anti-inflammatory therapy as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Berkley","year":"2020","journal-title":"JRSM Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000014927.74465.7F","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 promotes early atherosclerotic lesion formation in LDL receptor-deficient mice","volume":"105","author":"Burleigh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000139338.12464.5F","article-title":"Impact of prolonged cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition on inflammatory markers and endothelial function in patients with ischemic heart disease and raised C-reactive protein","volume":"110","author":"Bogaty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.568451","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase inhibition and cardiovascular risk","volume":"112","author":"Antman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j1909","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1909","article-title":"Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data","volume":"357","author":"Bally","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.21037\/gs.2019.11.03","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk and mortality in patients with active and treated hypercortisolism","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gland Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e4928","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular events in people prescribed glucocorticoids with iatrogenic Cushing\u2019s syndrome: cohort study","volume":"345","author":"Fardet","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2147\/vhrm.2005.1.4.291","article-title":"Cardiovascular consequences of cortisol excess","volume":"1","author":"Whitworth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0455","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and cardiovascular disease","volume":"157","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.302317","article-title":"Innate immunity and the failing heart: the cytokine hypothesis revisited","volume":"116","author":"Mann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20164","article-title":"Anti\u2013tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 therapy and heart failure: what have we learned and where do we go from here?","volume":"50","author":"Khanna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.3609","article-title":"Effect of losmapimod on cardiovascular outcomes in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"315","author":"O\u2019Donoghue","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.11061","article-title":"Effect of darapladib on major coronary events after an acute coronary syndrome: the SOLID-TIMI 52 randomized clinical trial","volume":"312","author":"O\u2019Donoghue","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1315878","article-title":"Darapladib for preventing ischemic events in stable coronary heart disease","volume":"370","author":"White","year":"2014","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.282836","article-title":"Varespladib and cardiovascular events in patients with an acute coronary syndrome: the VISTA-16 randomized clinical trial","volume":"311","author":"Nicholls","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.1.43","article-title":"Pexelizumab for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"297","author":"Armstrong","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.19.2319","article-title":"Terminal complement blockade with pexelizumab during coronary artery bypass graft surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass: a randomized trial","volume":"291","author":"Verrier","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2010.08.035","article-title":"Effects of C5 complement inhibitor pexelizumab on outcome in high-risk coronary artery bypass grafting: combined results from the PRIMO-CABG I and II trials","volume":"142","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000087447.12918.85","article-title":"Pexelizumab, an anti-C5 complement antibody, as adjunctive therapy to primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: the COMplement inhibition in Myocardial infarction treated with Angioplasty (COMMA) trial","volume":"108","author":"Granger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000087404.53661.F8","article-title":"Effect of pexelizumab, an anti-C5 complement antibody, as adjunctive therapy to fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction: the COMPlement inhibition in myocardial infarction treated with thromboLYtics (COMPLY) trial","volume":"108","author":"Mahaffey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.06.054","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of methotrexate use and risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"108","author":"Micha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809798","article-title":"Low-dose methotrexate for the prevention of atherosclerotic events","volume":"380","author":"Ridker","year":"2018","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.122556","article-title":"Effects of interleukin-1\u03b2 inhibition with canakinumab on hemoglobin A1c, lipids, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and fibrinogen: a phase IIb randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"126","author":"Ridker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib98","first-page":"888","article-title":"Novartis\u2019s canakinumab stumbles in cancer, again","volume":"20","author":"Mullard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X19859072","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized, placebo-controlled trial of canakinumab in patients with peripheral artery disease","volume":"24","author":"Russell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib100","article-title":"Colchicine for acute gout","volume":"8","author":"McKenzie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(91)90019-V","article-title":"Colchicine prophylaxis in familial Mediterranean fever: reappraisal after 15 years","volume":"20","author":"Ben-Chetrit","year":"1991","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197410312911804","article-title":"Colchicine therapy for familial mediterranean fever. A double-blind trial","volume":"291","author":"Dinarello","year":"1974","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1208536","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized trial of colchicine for acute pericarditis","volume":"369","author":"Imazio","year":"2013","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2015.09.016","article-title":"Colchicine for prevention of post-operative atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2015.06.013","article-title":"Colchicine--update on mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses","volume":"45","author":"Leung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.08.005","article-title":"Colchicine reduces extracellular vesicle NLRP3 inflammasome protein levels in chronic coronary disease: a LoDoCo2 biomarker substudy","volume":"334","author":"Silvis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib107","article-title":"Colchicine acutely suppresses local cardiac production of inflammatory cytokines in patients with an acute coronary syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050560","article-title":"Colchicine attenuates inflammation beyond the inflammasome in chronic coronary artery disease","volume":"142","author":"Opstal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib109","first-page":"1722","article-title":"Colchicine use and incident coronary artery disease in male patients with gout","volume":"36","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab115","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of low-dose colchicine in patients with coronary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"42","author":"Fiolet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00520-1","article-title":"IL-6 inhibition with ziltivekimab in patients at high atherosclerotic risk (RESCUE): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"397","author":"Ridker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw171","article-title":"Effect of a single dose of the interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab on inflammation and troponin T release in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial","volume":"37","author":"Kleveland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.02.049","article-title":"Randomized trial of interleukin-6 receptor inhibition in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"77","author":"Broch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu272","article-title":"The effect of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist therapy on markers of inflammation in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: the MRC-ILA Heart Study","volume":"36","author":"Morton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.11.003","article-title":"Comparative safety of interleukin-1 blockade with anakinra in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (from the VCU-ART and VCU-ART2 pilot studies)","volume":"115","author":"Abbate","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib116","article-title":"Interleukin-1 blockade inhibits the acute inflammatory response in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"9","author":"Abbate","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022452","article-title":"Low-dose interleukin-2 in patients with stable ischaemic heart disease and acute coronary syndromes (LILACS): protocol and study rationale for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I\/II clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib119","first-page":"1735","article-title":"Low dose interleukin-2 in patients with stable ischaemic heart disease and acute coronary syndrome (LILACS) [abstract]","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.10.071","article-title":"Effects of P-selectin antagonist inclacumab in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: SELECT-CABG trial","volume":"67","author":"St\u00e4hli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib121","article-title":"Effects of the P-Selectin antagonist inclacumab on myocardial damage after percutaneous coronary intervention according to timing of infusion: insights from the SELECT-ACS trial","volume":"5","author":"St\u00e4hli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.4566","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of canakinumab for prevention of recurrent cardiovascular events","volume":"4","author":"Sehested","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib126","first-page":"1837","article-title":"Colchicine for prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients with coronary artery disease: review and practical approach for clinicians","volume":"37","author":"Marquis-Gravel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib127","first-page":"776","article-title":"Colchicine for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"37","author":"Samuel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib128","first-page":"1697","article-title":"Will colchicine soon be part of primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention?","volume":"36","author":"Samuel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","volume":"42","author":"Visseren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0828282X22000769?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0828282X22000769?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T23:24:53Z","timestamp":1778541893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0828282X22000769"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0828282X22000769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0828-282X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0828-282X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Inflammation as a Mechanism and Therapeutic Target in Peripheral Artery Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Canadian Journal of Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.01.026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}