{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:10:11Z","timestamp":1784308211005,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","onlinecjc.ca","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T01:38:30Z","timestamp":1761183510000},"page":"591-599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Challenges of Infective Endocarditis in South Africa, a Low- to Middle-Income Country"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Amori","family":"Engelbrecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton F.","family":"Doubell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6549-9402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso J.K.","family":"Pecoraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib1","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden and trends of infective endocarditis from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2019.v109i8.13888","article-title":"The changing landscape of infective endocarditis in South Africa","volume":"109","author":"de Villiers","year":"2019","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.07.014","article-title":"Prospective study of infective endocarditis from a developing country","volume":"162","author":"Math","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2003.10.043","article-title":"Characteristics of infective endocarditis in a developing country-clinical profile and outcome in 192 Indian patients 1992-2001","volume":"98","author":"Garg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjopen\/oeab041","article-title":"Screening for subclinical rheumatic heart disease: addressing borderline disease in a real-world setting","volume":"1","author":"Hunter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcg028","article-title":"Infective endocarditis in the Western Cape Province of South Africa: a three-year prospective study","volume":"96","author":"Koegelenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053169","article-title":"Causes of infective endocarditis in the Western Cape, South Africa: a prospective cohort study using a set protocol for organism detection and central decision making by an endocarditis team","volume":"11","author":"Pecoraro","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-021-04239-w","article-title":"Bartonella species as a cause of culture-negative endocarditis in South Africa","volume":"40","author":"Pecoraro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1017\/S1744133112000060","article-title":"Who benefits from health services in South Africa?","volume":"8","author":"Ataguba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Econ Policy Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2018.05.020","article-title":"The Cape Town declaration on access to cardiac surgery in the developing world","volume":"106","author":"Zilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2331205X.2019.1650417","article-title":"Health literacy test for limited literacy populations (HELT-LL): validation in South Africa","volume":"6","author":"Marimwe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogent Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2020.1808567","article-title":"Mobility and structural barriers in rural south africa contribute to loss to follow up from HIV care","volume":"33","author":"Hannaford","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2019.06.03","article-title":"Infective endocarditis in South Africa","volume":"10","author":"Pecoraro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2018.v108i7.13007","article-title":"Striking increase in the incidence of infective endocarditis associated with recreational drug abuse in urban South Africa","volume":"108","author":"Meel","year":"2018","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2019.09.21","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmias in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"10","author":"Mkoko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-3096-3","article-title":"A small proportion of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia, compared to healthcare-associated cases, in two South African provinces","volume":"36","author":"Perovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00400-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of infective endocarditis in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Noubiap","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2019-0342","article-title":"Blood culture negative endocarditis in the modern era of 16S rRNA sequencing","volume":"20","author":"Godfrey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib19","first-page":"312","article-title":"Clinical, microbiological, and imaging characteristics of infective endocarditis in Latin America: a systematic review","volume":"117","author":"Urina-Jassir","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-019-0341-x","article-title":"Evolving trends in infective endocarditis in a developing country: a consequence of medical progress?","volume":"18","author":"Sunil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib21","first-page":"390","article-title":"Infective endocarditis; report from a main referral teaching hospital in Iran","volume":"16","author":"Heydari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib22","unstructured":"Delgado V, Marsan NA, de Waha S, et al 2023;44:3948-4042."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02827-14","article-title":"Bartonella, a common cause of endocarditis: a report on 106 cases and review","volume":"53","author":"Edouard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad672","article-title":"Hidden burden of Bartonella quintana on the African continent: should the bacterial infection be considered a neglected tropical disease?","volume":"11","author":"Boodman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib25","article-title":"Bartonella endocarditis: lessons learnt from an African cohort","volume":"45","author":"Hunter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad271","article-title":"The 2023 Duke\u2013International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases criteria for infective endocarditis: updating the modified duke criteria","volume":"77","author":"Fowler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1202.050874","article-title":"Bartonella quintana characteristics and clinical management","volume":"12","author":"Foucault","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302636","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of rheumatic valvular heart disease in Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis 2015-2023, population based studies","volume":"19","author":"Abdu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib29","first-page":"780","article-title":"Rheumatic heart disease: social and economic dimensions","volume":"98","author":"Robertson","year":"2008","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shj.2023.100219","article-title":"Rheumatic heart disease in the developing world","volume":"7","author":"Simpson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Struct Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1347838","article-title":"Mechanical valve replacement for patients with rheumatic heart disease: the reality of INR control in Africa and beyond","volume":"11","author":"Zilla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"5981","key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5981.474","article-title":"Epidemiology of rheumatic heart disease in black schoolchildren of Soweto, Johannesburg","volume":"3","author":"McLaren","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib33","first-page":"100","article-title":"The challenge of screening for asymptomatic rheumatic heart disease in South Africa","volume":"6","author":"Z\u00fchlke","year":"2009","journal-title":"SA Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2012.7","article-title":"World Heart Federation criteria for echocardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease\u2014an evidence-based guideline","volume":"9","author":"Rem\u00e9anyi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.06.145","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence and outcome of rheumatic heart disease in South Africa: a systematic review of contemporary studies","volume":"199","author":"Z\u00fchlke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e983","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00127-X","article-title":"Handheld echocardiography for the screening and diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease: a systematic review to inform WHO guidelines","volume":"12","author":"Provid\u00eancia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2015.01.001","article-title":"Simplified rheumatic heart disease screening criteria for handheld echocardiography","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib38","article-title":"Using artificial intelligence for rheumatic heart disease detection by echocardiography: focus on mitral regurgitation","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc Cardiovasc Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp530","article-title":"Incidence and characteristics of newly diagnosed rheumatic heart disease in urban African adults: insights from the Heart of Soweto Study","volume":"31","author":"Sliwa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-12-26","article-title":"South Africa\u2019s protracted struggle for equal distribution and equitable access\u2014still not there","volume":"12","author":"Van Rensburg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1017\/S1744133118000300","article-title":"Access to health care in post-apartheid South Africa: availability, affordability, acceptability","volume":"15","author":"Burger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Econ Policy Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2016-063","article-title":"Cardiology\u2013cardiothoracic subspeciality training in South Africa: a position paper of the South Africa Heart Association","volume":"27","author":"Sliwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib43","article-title":"Shocking: Here\u2019s why we have only 35 state cardiologists in SA","author":"Molelekwa","year":"2017","journal-title":"News24"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11314-6","article-title":"Health system costs of rheumatic heart disease care in South Africa","volume":"21","author":"Hellebo","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2019.v109i9.14297","article-title":"The infectious diseases specialty in South Africa is in crisis","volume":"109","author":"Boyles","year":"2019","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.1260","article-title":"Clinical profile and outcomes of rheumatic heart disease patients undergoing surgical valve procedures in Uganda","volume":"18","author":"Rwebembera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.88a.19142","article-title":"Imaging to evaluate suspected infective endocarditis","volume":"88","author":"Haq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib48","first-page":"82","article-title":"Evaluation of the SUNHEART cardiology outreach programme","volume":"12","author":"van Deventer","year":"2015","journal-title":"SA Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4244\/AIJ-D-21-00008","article-title":"Management strategies for acute STEMI in low- and middleincome countries: experience of the Tamil Nadu ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Programme","volume":"7","author":"Alexander","year":"2021","journal-title":"AsiaIntervention"},{"issue":"10450","key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01098-5","article-title":"Infective endocarditis","volume":"404","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivv368","article-title":"Optimal timing for early surgery in infective endocarditis: a meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt-21-590","article-title":"Early surgery determines prognosis in patients with infective endocarditis: outcome in patients managed by an endocarditis team\u2014a prospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Pecoraro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21470\/1678-9741-2023-0014","article-title":"Infective endocarditis: controversies and convictions in the surgical treatment","volume":"38","author":"Spiliopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz J Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1007118","article-title":"Infective endocarditis in developing countries: an update","volume":"9","author":"Mutagaywa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.012461","article-title":"Association between surgical indications, operative risk, and clinical outcome in infective endocarditis a prospective study from the international collaboration on endocarditis","volume":"131","author":"Chu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2021-063","article-title":"A 10-year retrospective analysis of the clinical profile and outcomes of infective endocarditis at a tertiary hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"33","author":"Naidoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5226","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175226","article-title":"The surgical outcome of infective endocarditis in South Africa over 10 years: a retrospective review","volume":"13","author":"Nel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0555","article-title":"Evaluation of a paradigm shift from intravenous antibiotics to oral step-down therapy for the treatment of infective endocarditis: a narrative review","volume":"180","author":"Spellberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1808312","article-title":"Partial oral versus intravenous antibiotic treatment of endocarditis","volume":"380","author":"Iversen","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12112226","article-title":"Combination therapy is not associated with decreased mortality in infectious endocarditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Farahani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e678","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.190081","article-title":"Responsible use of rifampin for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection","volume":"191","author":"Batt","year":"2019","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib62","article-title":"A case report: pitfalls in antibacterial therapy with rifampicin for mechanical valve endocarditis\u2014the king of drug interactions","volume":"8","author":"Honda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib63","article-title":"Outcomes and survival of patients undergoing percutaneous vegetectomy for right heart endocarditis","volume":"47","author":"Riasat","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJC Heart Vasc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017293","article-title":"Right-sided infective endocarditis 2020: challenges and updates in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Shmueli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2022.101353","article-title":"AngioVac for vegetation debulking in right-sided infective endocarditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Mhanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib66","article-title":"Percutaneous mechanical aspiration in infective endocarditis: applications, technical considerations, and future directions","volume":"3","author":"El Sabbagh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Soc Cardiovasc Angiogr Interv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib67","first-page":"64","article-title":"The implications of HIV infection on the management of valvular heart disease in Southern Africa","volume":"6","author":"Naidoo","year":"2009","journal-title":"SA Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib68","first-page":"183","article-title":"Course of disease and clinical outcome of infective endocarditis in HIV-infected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Bos","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8651(03)00025-0","article-title":"Infective endocarditis and cardiac surgery in intravenous drug abusers and HIV-1 infected patients","volume":"21","author":"Mir\u00f3","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cardiol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/230949901001800218","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical wound infection in HIV-positive patients undergoing surgery for orthopaedic trauma","volume":"18","author":"Abalo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10166-w","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical site infection after general surgery in HIV-infected patients: a retrospective study","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-2223-1","article-title":"CD4 count is associated with postoperative infection in patients with orthopaedic trauma who are HIV positive","volume":"470","author":"Guild","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.17159\/2078-5151\/2019\/v57n3a2934","article-title":"Surgical site infection after penetrating abdominal trauma with bowel involvement: a comparison between HIV-seropositive and seronegative patients","volume":"57","author":"Mauser","year":"2019","journal-title":"S Afr J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2024.2378328","article-title":"Infective endocarditis in HIV-infected patients. Analysis of a national cohort","volume":"56","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Sell\u00e9s","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf219","article-title":"Infective endocarditis: it takes a team","volume":"46","author":"Lau","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0828282X25012747?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0828282X25012747?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T15:30:22Z","timestamp":1774711822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0828282X25012747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0828282X25012747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0828-282X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0828-282X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Challenges of Infective Endocarditis in South Africa, a Low- to Middle-Income Country","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Canadian Journal of Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjca.2025.10.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}