{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:10:26Z","timestamp":1790662226262,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cjcopen.ca","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CJC Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T12:27:09Z","timestamp":1651667229000},"page":"709-720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Practical Approach to Invasive Testing in Ischemia With No Obstructive Coronary Arteries (INOCA)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1454-4415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Bastiany","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Sedlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaqueline","family":"Saw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven E.S.","family":"Miner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangbo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Lavoie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Gulati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle M.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib1","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Heart Disease in Canada, 2018. Public Health Agency of Canada. Available at: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/phac-aspc\/documents\/services\/publications\/diseases-conditions\/report-heart-disease-canada-2018\/pub1-eng.pdf. Accessed July 22, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.425","article-title":"Persistent chest pain and no obstructive coronary artery disease","volume":"301","author":"Phan","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024534","article-title":"Ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA): developing evidence-based therapies and research agenda for the next decade","volume":"135","author":"Bairey Merz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(73)80150-X","article-title":"Left ventricular function in patients with the anginal syndrome and normal coronary arteriograms","volume":"32","author":"Kemp","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.50","article-title":"Adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women with nonobstructive coronary artery disease: a report from the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Study and the St James Women Take Heart Project","volume":"169","author":"Gulati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa503","volume":"41","author":"Kunadian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003863","article-title":"Ten-year mortality in the WISE Study (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation)","volume":"10","author":"Kenkre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.11.040","article-title":"Impact of abnormal coronary reactivity on long-term clinical outcomes in women","volume":"73","author":"AlBadri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl040","article-title":"Persistent chest pain predicts cardiovascular events in women without obstructive coronary artery disease: results from the NIH-NHLBI-sponsored Women's Ischaemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study","volume":"27","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000130642.79868.B2","article-title":"Prognosis in women with myocardial ischemia in the absence of obstructive coronary disease: results from the National Institutes of Health-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE)","volume":"109","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000115525.92645.16","article-title":"Abnormal coronary vasomotion as a prognostic indicator of cardiovascular events in women: results from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE)","volume":"109","author":"von Mering","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.609990","article-title":"The economic burden of angina in women with suspected ischemic heart disease: results from the National Institutes of Health\u2014National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute\u2013sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation","volume":"114","author":"Shaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2019-315042","article-title":"Diagnosis of patients with angina and non-obstructive coronary disease in the catheter laboratory","volume":"105","author":"Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.012636","article-title":"Invasive evaluation of patients with angina in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease","volume":"131","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2018-000870","article-title":"Coronary endothelial function testing may improve long-term quality of life in subjects with microvascular coronary endothelial dysfunction","volume":"6","author":"Reriani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib16","series-title":"Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine","author":"Libby","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.63.4.821","article-title":"Coronary pressure-function and steady-state pressure-flow relations during autoregulation in the unanesthetized dog","volume":"63","author":"Canty","year":"1988","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/288373a0","article-title":"The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine","volume":"288","author":"Furchgott","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000788","article-title":"Ischaemia without obstructive coronary artery disease: the pathophysiology of microvascular dysfunction","volume":"35","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.03.051","article-title":"Physiological stratification of patients with angina due to coronary microvascular dysfunction","volume":"75","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.121.316025","article-title":"Coronary microvascular dysfunction","volume":"41","author":"Godo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00224-7","article-title":"Elevated endothelin concentrations are associated with reduced coronary vasomotor responses in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms","volume":"34","author":"Cox","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.6.2545","article-title":"Effects of physiological levels of estrogen on coronary vasomotor function in postmenopausal women","volume":"89","author":"Gilligan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2001.114198","article-title":"Coronary microvascular dysfunction is highly prevalent in women with chest pain in the absence of coronary artery disease: results from the NHLBI WISE study","volume":"141","author":"Reis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii5","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2005.070318","article-title":"Cardiac syndrome X in women: the role of oestrogen deficiency","volume":"92","author":"Kaski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2015.06.017","article-title":"Prevalence of coronary microvascular dysfunction among patients with chest pain and nonobstructive coronary artery disease","volume":"8","author":"Sara","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2470289720957012","article-title":"Gender differences in endothelial function and coronary vasomotion abnormalities","volume":"4","author":"Godo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gender Genome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-019-09906-0","article-title":"Sex-specific aspects in the pathophysiology and imaging of coronary macro- and microvascular disease","volume":"13","author":"Groepenhoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Transl Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00243-2","article-title":"C-reactive protein, clinical presentation, and ischemic activity in patients with chest pain and normal coronary angiograms","volume":"41","author":"Cosin-Sales","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318814298","article-title":"Different cardiovascular risk factors and psychosocial burden in symptomatic women with and without obstructive coronary artery disease","volume":"26","author":"Konst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Preven Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.160","article-title":"Coronary microvascular dysfunction: mechanisms and functional assessment","volume":"12","author":"Camici","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib32","article-title":"Coronary microvascular function and cardiovascular risk factors in women with angina pectoris and no obstructive coronary artery disease: the iPOWER study","volume":"5","author":"Mygind","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.08.068","article-title":"International standardization of diagnostic criteria for microvascular angina","volume":"250","author":"Ong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJY20M07_01","volume":"16","author":"Kunadian","year":"2021","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2019.7925","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.054","article-title":"Coronary microvascular reactivity to adenosine predicts adverse outcome in women evaluated for suspected ischemia results from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute WISE (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) study","volume":"55","author":"Pepine","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp205","article-title":"Chronic inflammation and coronary microvascular dysfunction in patients without risk factors for coronary artery disease","volume":"30","author":"Recio-Mayoral","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz425","article-title":"2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes","volume":"41","author":"Knuuti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib39","first-page":"e574","article-title":"2011 ACCF\/AHA\/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions","volume":"124","author":"Levine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJY19M01_01","article-title":"2018 ESC\/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization","volume":"14","author":"Neumann","year":"2019","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0807611","article-title":"Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"360","author":"Tonino","year":"2009","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.04.012","article-title":"Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: 2-year follow-up of the FAME (Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation) study","volume":"56","author":"Pijls","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-018-4764-5","article-title":"[ESC\/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization 2018: the most important innovations]","volume":"43","author":"Neumann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2019.11.001","article-title":"1-year outcomes of angina management guided by invasive coronary function testing (CorMicA)","volume":"13","author":"Ford","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00389-1","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of coronary flow velocity and coronary flow velocity reserve in the left anterior descending coronary artery by Doppler echocardiography: comparison with invasive technique","volume":"32","author":"Hozumi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00164-3","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced transthoracic second harmonic echo Doppler with adenosine: a noninvasive, rapid and effective method for coronary flow reserve assessment","volume":"34","author":"Caiati","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.11.004","article-title":"Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography compared with positron emission tomography for assessment of coronary microvascular dysfunction: the iPOWER study","volume":"228","author":"Michelsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00342-3","article-title":"Validation of a new noninvasive method (contrast-enhanced transthoracic second harmonic echo Doppler) for the evaluation of coronary flow reserve: comparison with intracoronary Doppler flow wire","volume":"34","author":"Caiati","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib49","first-page":"1848","article-title":"Assessment of the reproducibility of baseline and hyperemic myocardial blood flow measurements with 15O-labeled water and PET","volume":"40","author":"Kaufmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib50","first-page":"1626","article-title":"Reproducibility of measurements of regional resting and hyperemic myocardial blood flow assessed with PET","volume":"37","author":"Nagamachi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib51","first-page":"e368","article-title":"2021 AHA\/ACC\/ASE\/CHEST\/SAEM\/SCCT\/SCMR guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"144","author":"Gulati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-66-0098","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of patients with vasospastic angina (Coronary Spastic Angina) (JCS 2013)","volume":"78","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2012.01.023","article-title":"Safety of coronary reactivity testing in women with no obstructive coronary artery disease: results from the NHLBI-sponsored WISE (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) study","volume":"5","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2018.07.011","article-title":"Doppler flow velocity and thermodilution to assess coronary flow reserve: a head-to-head comparison with [(15)O]H2O PET","volume":"11","author":"Everaars","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2003.11.009","article-title":"Validation of coronary flow reserve measurements by thermodilution in clinical practice","volume":"25","author":"Barbato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000017199.09457.3D","article-title":"Coronary thermodilution to assess flow reserve: validation in humans","volume":"105","author":"Pijls","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000080700.98607.D1","article-title":"Novel index for invasively assessing the coronary microcirculation","volume":"107","author":"Fearon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4201.099223","article-title":"Coronary thermodilution to assess flow reserve: experimental validation","volume":"104","author":"De Bruyne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.603522","article-title":"Invasive assessment of the coronary microcirculation: superior reproducibility and less hemodynamic dependence of index of microcirculatory resistance compared with coronary flow reserve","volume":"113","author":"Ng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.12.053","article-title":"Coronary flow reserve and microcirculatory resistance in patients with intermediate coronary stenosis","volume":"67","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.117.005361","article-title":"Invasive assessment of the coronary microvasculature: the index of microcirculatory resistance","volume":"10","author":"Fearon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000061950.24940.88","article-title":"Intracoronary and intravenous adenosine 5'-triphosphate, adenosine, papaverine, and contrast medium to assess fractional flow reserve in humans","volume":"107","author":"De Bruyne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2015.04.028","article-title":"Intracoronary adenosine: dose-response relationship with hyperemia","volume":"8","author":"Adjedj","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90424-3","article-title":"Safety profile of adenosine stress perfusion imaging: results from the Adenoscan Multicenter Trial Registry","volume":"23","author":"Cerqueira","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2008.02.003","article-title":"Effects of age, gender, obesity, and diabetes on the efficacy and safety of the selective A2A agonist regadenoson versus adenosine in myocardial perfusion imaging integrated ADVANCE-MPI trial results","volume":"1","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2008","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/10976640600575270","article-title":"Safety of adenosine stress magnetic resonance imaging using a mobile cardiac magnetic resonance system","volume":"8","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib67","first-page":"198","article-title":"Pharmacological options for inducing maximal hyperaemia during studies of coronary physiology","volume":"71","author":"McGeoch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.09.077","article-title":"Functional measurement of coronary stenosis","volume":"59","author":"Pijls","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-019-04862-6","article-title":"[ESC guidelines 2019 on chronic coronary syndrome (CCS, previously \"stable coronary artery disease\") : What is new? What is particularly important?]","volume":"44","author":"Silber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.006","article-title":"Stratified medical therapy using invasive coronary function testing in angina: the CorMicA trial","volume":"72","author":"Ford","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(88)90449-4","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of intracoronary injection of acetylcholine for the induction of coronary artery spasm","volume":"12","author":"Okumura","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib72","article-title":"Intracoronary acetylcholine provocation testing for assessment of coronary vasomotor disorders","volume":"18","author":"Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vis Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004096","article-title":"Clinical usefulness, angiographic characteristics, and safety evaluation of intracoronary acetylcholine provocation testing among 921 consecutive White patients with unobstructed coronary arteries","volume":"129","author":"Ong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22403","article-title":"Overview of the acetylcholine spasm provocation test","volume":"38","author":"Sueda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v7.i9.525","article-title":"Coronary physiology assessment in the catheterization laboratory","volume":"7","author":"Diez-Delhoyo","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00072-8","article-title":"Coronary flow velocity response to adenosine characterizes coronary microvascular function in women with chest pain and no obstructive coronary disease. Results from the pilot phase of the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study","volume":"33","author":"Reis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90853-2","article-title":"Intracoronary Doppler guide wire versus stress single-photon emission computed tomographic thallium-201 imaging in assessment of intermediate coronary stenoses","volume":"24","author":"Joye","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.5.2150","article-title":"Correlation of pharmacological 99mTc-sestamibi myocardial perfusion imaging with poststenotic coronary flow reserve in patients with angiographically intermediate coronary artery stenoses","volume":"89","author":"Miller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(95)90001-2","article-title":"Doppler guide wire flow-velocity indexes measured distal to coronary stenoses associated with reversible thallium perfusion defects","volume":"129","author":"Deychak","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.2.484","article-title":"Intracoronary Doppler assessment of moderate coronary artery disease: comparison with 201Tl imaging and coronary angiography. FACTS Study Group","volume":"96","author":"Heller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(97)70112-1","article-title":"Correlations between coronary flow reserve measured with a Doppler guide wire and treadmill exercise testing","volume":"134","author":"Schulman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)00557-3","volume":"31","author":"Danzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(89)90105-8","article-title":"Noninvasive quantitation of myocardial blood flow in human subjects with oxygen-15-labeled water and positron emission tomography","volume":"14","author":"Bergmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(90)90347-R","article-title":"Increased myocardial perfusion at rest and diminished perfusion reserve in patients with angina and angiographically normal coronary arteries","volume":"16","author":"Geltman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJV5I8A158","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of coronary microvascular function in patients with and without epicardial atherosclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Melikian","year":"2010","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.113.000953","article-title":"Thermodilution-derived coronary microvascular resistance and flow reserve in patients with cardiac syndrome X","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc interv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJV9I9A181","article-title":"Reference interval for the index of coronary microvascular resistance","volume":"9","author":"Solberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.08.1056","article-title":"Coronary functional abnormalities in patients with angina and nonobstructive coronary artery disease","volume":"74","author":"Suda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198912073212301","article-title":"Cocaine-induced coronary-artery vasoconstriction","volume":"321","author":"Lange","year":"1989","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6845.118-a","article-title":"Coronary vasospasm and sumatriptan","volume":"305","author":"Stricker","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib91","first-page":"51","article-title":"Drug-induced myocardial infarction secondary to coronary artery spasm in teenagers and young adults","volume":"52","author":"El Menyar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Postgrad Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib92","first-page":"2565","article-title":"International standardization of diagnostic criteria for vasospastic angina","volume":"38","author":"Beltrame","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.78.4","article-title":"Variant angina and coronary artery spasm: the clinical spectrum, pathophysiology, and management","volume":"78","author":"Kusama","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nippon Med Sch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib94","article-title":"Coronary vasomotor response to intracoronary acetylcholine injection, clinical features, and long-term prognosis in 873 consecutive patients with coronary spasm: analysis of a single-center study over 20 years","volume":"2","author":"Sato","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(92)90917-K","article-title":"Statistical analysis of clinical risk factors for coronary artery spasm: identification of the most important determinant","volume":"124","author":"Nobuyoshi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(83)90694-4","article-title":"Coronary arteriography and left ventriculography during spontaneous and exercise-induced ST segment elevation in patients with variant angina","volume":"106","author":"Matsuda","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(94)90373-5","article-title":"Comparison of the distribution of myocardial blood flow between exercise-induced and hyperventilation-induced attacks of coronary spasm: a study with thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy","volume":"127","author":"Minoda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(80)90136-8","article-title":"Exercise-induced S-T segment elevation in variant angina","volume":"45","author":"Lahiri","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib99","first-page":"1","article-title":"Overview of complications during pharmacological spasm provocation tests","volume":"68","author":"Sueda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.75.3.577","article-title":"Induction of coronary artery spasm by a direct local action of ergonovine","volume":"75","author":"Hackett","year":"1987","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(92)90145-D","article-title":"Ergonovine maleate testing during cardiac catheterization: a 10-year perspective in 3,447 patients without significant coronary artery disease or Prinzmetal's variant angina","volume":"20","author":"Harding","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/00019501-200309000-00006","article-title":"Induction of coronary artery spasm by two pharmacological agents: comparison between intracoronary injection of acetylcholine and ergonovine","volume":"14","author":"Sueda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Coron Artery Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00057-0","article-title":"Frequency of provoked coronary vasospasm in patients undergoing coronary arteriography with spasm provocation test of acetylcholine","volume":"83","author":"Sueda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/00019501-200412000-00006","article-title":"Clinical impact of selective spasm provocation tests: comparisons between acetylcholine and ergonovine in 1508 examinations","volume":"15","author":"Sueda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Coron Artery Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.64.559","article-title":"New combined spasm provocation test in patients with rest angina: intracoronary injection of acetylcholine after intracoronary administration of ergonovine","volume":"64","author":"Sueda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Jpn Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.69.6.516","article-title":"Effect of hyperventilation and mental stress on coronary blood-flow in syndrome-X","volume":"69","author":"Chauhan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(89)91068-0","article-title":"Hyperventilation and ergonovine tests in Prinzmetal's variant angina-pectoris in men","volume":"63","author":"Previtali","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(88)90517-0","article-title":"Systemic alkalosis as a provocative test for coronary-artery spasm in patients with infrequent resting chest pain","volume":"115","author":"Weber","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(82)91966-X","article-title":"The hyperventilation test as a method for developing successful therapy in Prinzmetal's angina","volume":"49","author":"Girotti","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.58.1.56","article-title":"Coronary arterial spasm and Prinzmetal's variant form of angina induced by hyperventilation and Tris-buffer infusion","volume":"58","author":"Yasue","year":"1978","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00754-7","article-title":"Major complications during spasm provocation tests with an intracoronary injection of acetylcholine","volume":"85","author":"Sueda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22369","article-title":"Serious cardiac complications in coronary spasm provocation tests using acetylcholine or ergonovine: analysis of 21 512 patients from the diagnosis procedure combination database in Japan","volume":"38","author":"Isogai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.65.7.1299","article-title":"Frequency of provoked coronary arterial spasm in 1089 consecutive patients undergoing coronary arteriography","volume":"65","author":"Bertrand","year":"1982","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs199","article-title":"Clinical implications of provocation tests for coronary artery spasm: safety, arrhythmic complications, and prognostic impact: multicentre registry study of the Japanese Coronary Spasm Association","volume":"34","author":"Takagi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.9.948","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients with mild coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"101","author":"Suwaidi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2018.05.005","article-title":"Prognostic implication of thermodilution coronary flow reserve in patients undergoing fractional flow reserve measurement","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.16.1899","article-title":"Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease","volume":"101","author":"Schachinger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00994-X","article-title":"The clinical implications of endothelial dysfunction","volume":"42","author":"Widlansky","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.120402","article-title":"Association between coronary vascular dysfunction and cardiac mortality in patients with and without diabetes mellitus","volume":"126","author":"Murthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.03.015","article-title":"Sex differences in clinical outcomes in patients with stable angina and no obstructive coronary artery disease","volume":"166","author":"Sedlak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvu020","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for coronary microvascular dysfunction","volume":"1","author":"Ong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000100722.34034.E4","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in cardiac Syndrome X: role of superoxide dismutase activity","volume":"109","author":"Pizzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.07.011","volume":"162","author":"Pauly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2018.7019","article-title":"Ranolazine reduces angina in women with ischemic heart disease: results of an open-label, multicenter trial","volume":"28","author":"Mehta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv647","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized, placebo-controlled trial of late Na current inhibition (ranolazine) in coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD): impact on angina and myocardial perfusion reserve","volume":"37","author":"Bairey Merz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2020.09.005","article-title":"Efficacy of ranolazine for treatment of coronary microvascular dysfunction-a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"3","author":"Kofler","year":"2020","journal-title":"CJC Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-013-6439-z","article-title":"Lack of effect of nitrates on exercise stress test results in patients with microvascular angina","volume":"27","author":"Russo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.22.2871","article-title":"Improvement in coronary flow reserve determined by positron emission tomography after 6 months of cholesterol-lowering therapy in patients with early stages of coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"99","author":"Baller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.03.018","article-title":"Relation of baseline high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level to cardiovascular outcomes with rosuvastatin in the Justification for Use of statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER)","volume":"106","author":"Ridker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/MCA.0000000000000054","article-title":"Effects of combination of statin and calcium channel blocker in patients with cardiac syndrome X","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Coron Artery Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.773747","article-title":"Effect of rosuvastatin therapy on coronary artery stenoses assessed by quantitative coronary angiography: a study to evaluate the effect of rosuvastatin on intravascular ultrasound-derived coronary atheroma burden","volume":"117","author":"Ballantyne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2002.123843","article-title":"Coronary vasospasm as a possible cause of elevated cardiac troponin I in patients with acute coronary syndrome and insignificant coronary artery disease","volume":"144","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(93)90108-L","article-title":"Cardiac arrest and sudden unexpected death in variant angina: complications of coronary spasm that can occur in the absence of severe organic coronary stenosis","volume":"125","author":"MacAlpin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.05.055","article-title":"Sudden cardiac arrest and syncope triggered by coronary spasm","volume":"163","author":"Togashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.01.076","article-title":"Provoked coronary spasm predicts adverse outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a novel predictor of prognosis after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"52","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.08.002","article-title":"Effect of coronary artery spasm on long-term outcomes in survivors of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"257","author":"Deyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.78.1.1","article-title":"Long-term prognosis for patients with variant angina and influential factors","volume":"78","author":"Yasue","year":"1988","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu313","article-title":"Prognostic impact of chronic nitrate therapy in patients with vasospastic angina: multicentre registry study of the Japanese Coronary Spasm Association","volume":"36","author":"Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2014.06.008","article-title":"Pharmacological approaches to coronary microvascular dysfunction","volume":"144","author":"Guarini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib140","first-page":"1129","article-title":"2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults","volume":"37","author":"Pearson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-10-74-0802","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of patients with vasospastic angina (coronary spastic angina) (JCS 2008): digest version","volume":"74","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.77.3.535","article-title":"Multivessel coronary spasm in patients with variant angina: a study with intracoronary injection of acetylcholine","volume":"77","author":"Okumura","year":"1988","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib143","first-page":"145","article-title":"[Usefulness of intracoronary injection of acetylcholine and ergonovine in patients with variant angina]","volume":"31","author":"Sueda","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00646-X","article-title":"Safety and clinical impact of ergonovine stress echocardiography for diagnosis of coronary vasospasm","volume":"35","author":"Song","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.74.5.955","article-title":"Induction of coronary artery spasm by acetylcholine in patients with variant angina: possible role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the pathogenesis of coronary artery spasm","volume":"74","author":"Yasue","year":"1986","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["CJC Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589790X22000920?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589790X22000920?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T23:08:45Z","timestamp":1762902525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589790X22000920"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589790X22000920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-790X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-790X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A Practical Approach to Invasive Testing in Ischemia With No Obstructive Coronary Arteries (INOCA)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"CJC Open","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.04.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}