{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:29:42Z","timestamp":1777501782109,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005247","name":"University of British Columbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012161","name":"The University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012161","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cjcopen.ca","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CJC Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T02:55:51Z","timestamp":1659581751000},"page":"959-969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Arrhythmic Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Mechanisms, Genetics, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Sina","family":"Safabakhsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al-Shaheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Swiggum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Mielniczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Tremblay-Gravel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7790-541X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary","family":"Laksman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2333","volume":"24","author":"McDonagh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib2","first-page":"531","article-title":"CCS\/CHFS heart failure guidelines update: defining a new pharmacologic standard of care for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction","volume":"37","author":"McDonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.03.048","article-title":"Echocardiography in heart failure: applications, utility, and new horizons","volume":"50","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib4","first-page":"577","article-title":"Recommendations on the use of echocardiography in adult hypertension: a report from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) and the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)","volume":"16","author":"Marwick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00605-5","article-title":"Heart failure with mid-range or mildly reduced ejection fraction","volume":"19","author":"Savarese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10262","article-title":"Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a review","volume":"324","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.313572","article-title":"Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in perspective","volume":"124","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1858","article-title":"Epidemiology of heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Groenewegen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1609758","article-title":"Declining risk of sudden death in heart failure","volume":"377","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvm006","article-title":"Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak in heart failure: mere observation or functional relevance?","volume":"77","author":"George","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.2000.1343","article-title":"Ryanodine receptors\/calcium release channels in heart failure and sudden cardiac death","volume":"33","author":"Marks","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(85)90741-6","article-title":"Intact systolic left ventricular function in clinical congestive heart failure","volume":"55","author":"Soufer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(84)80207-6","article-title":"Congestive heart failure with normal systolic function","volume":"54","author":"Dougherty","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.83","article-title":"The pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"11","author":"Borlaug","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.55.091902.104417","article-title":"Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure","volume":"55","author":"Gaasch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.2.194","article-title":"Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community: appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic","volume":"289","author":"Redfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032566","article-title":"Diastolic heart failure\u2014abnormalities in active relaxation and passive stiffness of the left ventricle","volume":"350","author":"Zile","year":"2004","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052256","article-title":"Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"355","author":"Owan","year":"2006","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2004.10.006","article-title":"Left heart failure with a normal ejection fraction: identification of different pathophysiologic mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Maurer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.632745","article-title":"Impaired chronotropic and vasodilator reserves limit exercise capacity in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction","volume":"114","author":"Borlaug","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.03.077","article-title":"Global cardiovascular reserve dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"56","author":"Borlaug","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy809","article-title":"Deterioration in right ventricular structure and function over time in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"40","author":"Obokata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.05.029","article-title":"Arterial stiffening with exercise in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"70","author":"Reddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.10.873","article-title":"Increased proximal arterial stiffness and cardiac response with moderate exercise in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"59","author":"Tarti\u00e8re-Kesri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.009625","article-title":"Coronary microvascular rarefaction and myocardial fibrosis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"131","author":"Mohammed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026807","article-title":"Evidence supporting the existence of a distinct obese phenotype of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"136","author":"Obokata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.02.092","article-title":"A\u00a0novel paradigm for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: comorbidities drive myocardial dysfunction and remodeling through coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation","volume":"62","author":"Paulus","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021884","article-title":"Phenotype-specific treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a multiorgan roadmap","volume":"134","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4893","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13429","article-title":"Risk factors and prediction models for incident heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"8","author":"Gaziano","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0363-2","article-title":"Evaluation and management of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"17","author":"Borlaug","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.4987","article-title":"Association of cardiovascular biomarkers with incident heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"3","author":"de Boer","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034646","article-title":"A\u00a0simple, evidence-based approach to help guide diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"138","author":"Reddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz641","article-title":"How to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the HFA-PEFF diagnostic algorithm: a consensus recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"40","author":"Pieske","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.312706","article-title":"Established and emerging roles of biomarkers in heart failure","volume":"123","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeaa135","article-title":"Applying machine learning to detect early stages of cardiac remodelling and dysfunction","volume":"22","author":"Sabov\u010dik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908655","article-title":"Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"381","author":"Solomon","year":"2019","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313731","article-title":"Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"370","author":"Pitt","year":"2014","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv464","article-title":"Influence of ejection fraction on outcomes and efficacy of spironolactone in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"37","author":"Solomon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044586","article-title":"Sacubitril\/valsartan across the spectrum of ejection fraction in heart failure","volume":"141","author":"Solomon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107038","article-title":"Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction","volume":"385","author":"Anker","year":"2021","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib41","author":"AstraZeneca"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.442","article-title":"Spectrum of epidemiological and clinical findings in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction stratified by study design: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hft062","article-title":"How do patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction die?","volume":"15","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.10.078","article-title":"Mode of death in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"69","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.02.014","article-title":"Sudden death in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a competing risks analysis from the TOPCAT trial","volume":"6","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.008597","article-title":"Mode of death in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: insights from PARAGON-HF trial","volume":"14","author":"Desai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.4296","article-title":"Mode of death among Japanese adults with heart failure with preserved, midrange, and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"3","author":"Kitai","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2008.06.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of sudden cardiac death: clinical and research implications","volume":"51","author":"Chugh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2018.08.026","article-title":"Epidemiology of sudden cardiac death: global and regional perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2012.08.357","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"18","author":"Adabag","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.65","article-title":"Epidemiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"14","author":"Dunlay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-016-9525-z","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a target for therapy?","volume":"21","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-019-09804-2","article-title":"Sudden death in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and beyond: an elusive target","volume":"24","author":"Manolis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib54","first-page":"E436","article-title":"Risk stratification of sudden cardiac death in patients with heart failure: an update","volume":"7","author":"Masarone","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.12.009","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death risk prediction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"17","author":"Adabag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-020-01786-8","article-title":"Developing and validating models to predict sudden death and pump failure death in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"110","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.04.038","article-title":"Cardiac function and sudden cardiac death in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (from the TOPCAT trial)","volume":"129","author":"Kalra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0018-x","article-title":"The personal and clinical utility of polygenic risk scores","volume":"19","author":"Torkamani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00566-9","article-title":"Towards precision medicine in heart failure","volume":"18","author":"Weldy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09718-5","article-title":"Polygenic prediction via Bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors","volume":"10","author":"Ge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0016-z","article-title":"From genome-wide associations to candidate causal variants by statistical fine-mapping","volume":"19","author":"Schaid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.109.895763","article-title":"Association of genome-wide variation with the risk of incident heart failure in adults of European and African ancestry: a prospective meta-analysis from the cohorts for heart and aging research in genomic epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035774","article-title":"Phenotypic refinement of heart failure in a national biobank facilitates genetic discovery","volume":"139","author":"Aragam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14843-7","article-title":"Genome-wide association and multi-omic analyses reveal ACTN2 as a gene linked to heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Arvanitis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13690-5","article-title":"Genome-wide association and Mendelian randomisation analysis provide insights into the pathogenesis of heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006034","article-title":"Discovery of genetic variation on chromosome 5q22 associated with mortality in heart failure","volume":"12","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5531","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13517","article-title":"The genomics of heart failure: design and rationale of the HERMES consortium","volume":"8","author":"Lumbers","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib68","author":"Zhou"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib69","author":"Joseph"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1141634","article-title":"A\u00a0common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity","volume":"316","author":"Frayling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa823","article-title":"Pathophysiologic importance of visceral adipose tissue in women with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"42","author":"Sorimachi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.06.003","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue and invasive hemodynamics in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"8","author":"Gorter","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317751291","article-title":"Obesity and sudden cardiac death in the young: clinical and pathological insights from a large national registry","volume":"25","author":"Finocchiaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib74","author":"Rasooly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1308027","article-title":"Loss-of-function mutations in APOC3 and risk of ischemic vascular disease","volume":"371","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.08.1060","article-title":"Rare genetic variants associated with sudden cardiac death in adults","volume":"74","author":"Khera","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.09.024","article-title":"Predicting risk for adult-onset sudden cardiac death in the population","volume":"74","author":"Bezzina","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"6 Part A","key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2021.10.007","article-title":"Arrhythmic causes of in-hospital cardiac arrest among patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"2","author":"Hooks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm O2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.05.038","article-title":"Sudden cardiac arrest with shockable rhythm in patients with heart failure","volume":"17","author":"Woolcott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2021.0420","article-title":"Sudden death and ventricular arrhythmias in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"52","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.73.2.379","article-title":"Alterations of K+ currents in isolated human ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure","volume":"73","author":"Beuckelmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.14.1383","article-title":"Molecular basis of transient outward potassium current downregulation in human heart failure: a decrease in Kv4.3 mRNA correlates with a reduction in current density","volume":"98","author":"K\u00e4\u00e4b","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/415213a","article-title":"Cardiac channelopathies","volume":"415","author":"Marb\u00e1n","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.04.002","article-title":"Electrophysiological changes in heart failure and their implications for arrhythmogenesis","volume":"1832","author":"Coronel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1161\/hh1101.091193","article-title":"Arrhythmogenesis and contractile dysfunction in heart failure: roles of sodium-calcium exchange, inward rectifier potassium current, and residual beta-adrenergic responsiveness","volume":"88","author":"Pogwizd","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.11.1577","article-title":"Decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content is responsible for defective excitation-contraction coupling in canine heart failure","volume":"103","author":"Hobai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4701.099577","article-title":"Ionic mechanism of delayed afterdepolarizations in ventricular cells isolated from human end-stage failing hearts","volume":"104","author":"Verkerk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004311","article-title":"Relaxation and the role of calcium in isolated contracting myocardium from patients with hypertensive heart disease and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"10","author":"Runte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.12.049","article-title":"Bradycardia and asystole is the predominant mechanism of sudden cardiac death in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"65","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.11.019","article-title":"Primary outcomes of the Monitoring in Dialysis Study indicate that clinically significant arrhythmias are common in hemodialysis patients and related to dialytic cycle","volume":"93","author":"Roy-Chaudhury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000145047.14691.db","article-title":"What causes sudden death in heart failure?","volume":"95","author":"Tomaselli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.08.016","article-title":"Role of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"13","author":"Samanta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01752","article-title":"Linking arrhythmias and adipocytes: insights, mechanisms, and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Pabon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20450-w","article-title":"Arrhythmogenicity of fibro-fatty infiltrations","volume":"8","author":"De Coster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002238","article-title":"Intramyocardial adiposity after myocardial infarction: new implications of a substrate for ventricular tachycardia","volume":"128","author":"Pouliopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201910865","article-title":"Targeting cardiac fibrosis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: mirage or miracle?","volume":"12","author":"Sweeney","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2016.01.003","article-title":"Cardiosphere-derived cells reverse heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in rats by decreasing fibrosis and inflammation","volume":"1","author":"Gallet","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013215","article-title":"Myocardial stiffness in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction: contributions of collagen and titin","volume":"131","author":"Zile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.10.024","article-title":"Diastolic tissue Doppler indexes correlate with the degree of collagen expression and cross-linking in heart failure and normal ejection fraction","volume":"57","author":"Kasner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.931451","article-title":"Cardiac inflammation contributes to changes in the extracellular matrix in patients with heart failure and normal ejection fraction","volume":"4","author":"Westermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.04.007","article-title":"Endomyocardial biopsy characterization of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and prevalence of cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"8","author":"Hahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.116.005277","article-title":"Interstitial fibrosis, functional status, and outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: insights from a prospective cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"9","author":"Duca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.11.031","article-title":"Relationship between focal and diffuse fibrosis assessed by CMR and clinical outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"12","author":"Kanagala","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.2511","article-title":"Temporal relation between myocardial fibrosis and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: association with baseline disease severity and subsequent outcome","volume":"2","author":"Schelbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.113.000633","article-title":"Cardiac magnetic resonance postcontrast T1 time is associated with outcome in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"6","author":"Mascherbauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-018-0477-4","article-title":"Associations and prognostic significance of diffuse myocardial fibrosis by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"20","author":"Roy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79729-6","article-title":"Left ventricular fibrosis and hypertrophy are associated with mortality in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"11","author":"Garg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2020.11.011","article-title":"Cardiac MRI for the prognostication of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Assadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.1363","article-title":"Association of fibrosis with mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"309","author":"Gulati","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e318207a35f","article-title":"Fibrosis and cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"57","author":"de Jong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.07.019","article-title":"Relationship between fibrosis detected on late gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance and re-entrant activity assessed with electrocardiographic imaging in human persistent atrial fibrillation","volume":"4","author":"Cochet","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1970","article-title":"Ventricular tachyarrhythmia detection by implantable loop recording in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: the VIP-HF study","volume":"22","author":"van Veldhuisen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14043","article-title":"Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"43","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254641","article-title":"Delayed repolarization and ventricular tachycardia in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"16","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.6520","article-title":"Association of titin-truncating genetic variants with life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and implanted defibrillators","volume":"2","author":"Corden","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx808","article-title":"Titin cardiomyopathy leads to altered mitochondrial energetics, increased fibrosis and long-term life-threatening arrhythmias","volume":"39","author":"Verdonschot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06618-y","article-title":"Rare truncating variants in the sarcomeric protein titin associate with familial and early-onset atrial fibrillation","volume":"9","author":"Ahlberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.18179","article-title":"Association between titin loss-of-function variants and early-onset atrial fibrillation","volume":"320","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib119","author":"Wu"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab197","article-title":"Leveraging clinical epigenetics in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a call for individualized therapies","volume":"42","author":"Hamdani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13504","article-title":"Optimizing the discovery and assessment of therapeutic targets in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"8","author":"Fusco-Allison","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110643","article-title":"Population-based high-throughput toxicity screen of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and neurons","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"}],"container-title":["CJC Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589790X22001408?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589790X22001408?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T23:09:27Z","timestamp":1762902567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589790X22001408"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589790X22001408"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-790X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-790X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Arrhythmic Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Mechanisms, Genetics, and Future Directions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"CJC Open","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjco.2022.07.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}