{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T23:29:25Z","timestamp":1786490965620,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004411","name":"Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010090","name":"Women and Children's Health Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000190","name":"University of Alberta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cjcpc.ca","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CJC Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T11:58:25Z","timestamp":1761652705000},"page":"155-168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lipid Screening for Cardiovascular Risk in Youth: A Narrative Review of Current Guidelines and Potential Use of Nonfasting Measures"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Reihane","family":"Taheri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline A.","family":"Krysa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna F.","family":"Vine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Khoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7597-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spencer D.","family":"Proctor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.11.005","article-title":"The global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk: a compass for future health","volume":"80","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000302","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: the interplay between lipids and immune cells","volume":"27","author":"Schaftenaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.009778","article-title":"Eradicating the burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease by lowering apolipoprotein B lipoproteins earlier in life","volume":"7","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00328-4","article-title":"Smooth muscle-derived macrophage-like cells contribute to multiple cell lineages in the atherosclerotic plaque","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib5","series-title":"Dyslipidemia","article-title":"Dyslipidemia and its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: implications for evaluation and targets for treatment of dyslipidemia based on recent guidelines","author":"Perry","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib6","first-page":"927","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: process, indicators, risk factors and new hopes","volume":"5","author":"Rafieian-Kopaei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/35025203","article-title":"Atherosclerosis","volume":"407","author":"Lusis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806043382302","article-title":"Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study","volume":"338","author":"Berenson","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e189","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1801","article-title":"Screening and treatment for lipid disorders in children and adolescents: systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"120","author":"Haney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-024-01767-x","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents with obesity: a position paper of the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology","volume":"50","author":"Valerio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib11","series-title":"Pediatric type II diabetes","first-page":"47","article-title":"Dyslipidemia and type II diabetes","author":"Katz","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e295","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2023.38.e295","article-title":"Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and remnant cholesterol in cardiovascular disease","volume":"38","author":"Heo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.08.1026","article-title":"Remnant cholesterol as a causal risk factor for ischemic heart disease","volume":"61","author":"Varbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15133","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.15133","article-title":"Non-fasting lipids and cardiovascular disease in those with and without diabetes in Alberta's Tomorrow Project: a prospective cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Weaver","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1317","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.180804","article-title":"Nonfasting lipid testing: the new standard for cardiovascular risk assessment","volume":"190","author":"Darras","year":"2018","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib16","first-page":"160","article-title":"Non-HDL cholesterol as a metric of good quality of care: opportunities and challenges","volume":"38","author":"Virani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tex Heart Inst J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib17","first-page":"1553","article-title":"Canadian Cardiovascular Society position statement on familial hypercholesterolemia: update 2018","volume":"34","author":"Brunham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013225","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"8","author":"McGowan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib19","first-page":"1168","article-title":"The detection, evaluation, and management of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents: a Canadian Cardiovascular Society\/Canadian Pediatric Cardiology Association Clinical Practice Update","volume":"38","author":"Khoury","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-023-01091-5","article-title":"Genetic testing in familial hypercholesterolemia: is it for everyone?","volume":"25","author":"Medeiros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000297","article-title":"The Agenda for familial hypercholesterolemia: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"132","author":"Gidding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.36.9.03","article-title":"Childhood overweight and obesity trends in Canada","volume":"36","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1349","article-title":"Committee on Nutrition. Lipid screening and cardiovascular health in childhood","volume":"122","author":"Daniels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-1-26","article-title":"Management of dyslipidemia in children","volume":"1","author":"Kalra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib26","first-page":"S213","volume":"128","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2023.100628","article-title":"NLA\/ASPC response to the USPSTF recommendation statement on screening lipid panel in children and adolescents","volume":"17","author":"Goldberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.18.S1.1","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists' guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of atherosclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Jellinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.4158\/EP171764.GL","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"23","author":"Jellinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2015.09.002","article-title":"National lipid association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia: part 2","volume":"9","author":"Jacobson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.9852","article-title":"Screening for lipid disorders in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"316","author":"Bibbins-Domingo","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.11330","article-title":"Screening for lipid disorders in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"330","author":"US Preventive Services Task Force","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2019.188","article-title":"2018 Guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia","volume":"34","author":"Rhee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr158","article-title":"ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)","volume":"32","author":"Reiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455","article-title":"2019 ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)","volume":"41","author":"Mach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314533218","article-title":"Integrated guidance on the care of familial hypercholesterolaemia from the International FH Foundation","volume":"22","author":"Watts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-23-0285","article-title":"JCS 2023 Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"88","author":"Fujiyoshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.GL2017","article-title":"Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) Guidelines for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases 2017","volume":"25","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2007.00250.x","article-title":"ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2006-2007. Microvascular and macrovascular complications","volume":"8","author":"Donaghue","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"suppl 20","key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12179","article-title":"ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Type 2 diabetes in the child and adolescent","volume":"15","author":"Zeitler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib41","first-page":"S11","article-title":"Standards of medical care in diabetes\u20142012","volume":"35","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib42","first-page":"S11","article-title":"Standards of medical care in diabetes\u20142013","volume":"36","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib43","first-page":"S70","article-title":"(11) Children and adolescents","volume":"38","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.2337\/dci18-0023","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association","volume":"41","author":"Chiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000094","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk factors in youth with diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"130","author":"Maahs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e648","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3496","article-title":"Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents","volume":"131","author":"Springer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2013.01.042","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents","volume":"37","author":"Wherrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50666","article-title":"Screening, assessment and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents: Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group guidelines","volume":"213","author":"Pe\u00f1a","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2023.0282","article-title":"2023 clinical practice guidelines for diabetes mellitus of the Korean Diabetes Association","volume":"47","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0156","article-title":"2021 clinical practice guidelines for diabetes mellitus of the Korean Diabetes Association","volume":"45","author":"Hur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2166-6730","article-title":"Diagnosis, therapy and follow-up of diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents","volume":"132","author":"Holder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib52","first-page":"S163","article-title":"Children and Adolescents: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020","volume":"43","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1159\/000543033","article-title":"ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2024: type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents","volume":"97","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib54","series-title":"Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib55","first-page":"506","article-title":"Hypertension Canada's 2018 guidelines for diagnosis, risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension in adults and children","volume":"34","author":"Nerenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib56","first-page":"596","article-title":"Hypertension Canada's 2020 comprehensive guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatment of hypertension in adults and children","volume":"36","author":"Rabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2013.0120","article-title":"Children's Hospital Association consensus statements for comorbidities of childhood obesity","volume":"10","author":"Estrada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib58","first-page":"324","article-title":"AAP updates recommendations for routine preventive pediatric health care","volume":"94","author":"Lambert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2573","article-title":"Pediatric obesity-assessment, treatment, and prevention: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"102","author":"Styne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib60","first-page":"C5024","article-title":"Danish clinical guidelines for examination and treatment of overweight and obese children and adolescents in a pediatric setting","volume":"62","author":"Johansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dan Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-19-1094","article-title":"JCS\/JSCS 2020 Guideline on diagnosis and management of cardiovascular sequelae in Kawasaki disease","volume":"84","author":"Fukazawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-00962-4","article-title":"Revised recommendations of the Italian Society of Pediatrics about the general management of Kawasaki disease","volume":"47","author":"Marchesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3182a88099","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular toxicity in children, adolescents, and young adults who receive cancer therapy: pathophysiology, course, monitoring, management, prevention, and research directions: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"128","author":"Lipshultz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.08.049","article-title":"Joint American Academy of Dermatology\u2014National Psoriasis Foundation guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis in pediatric patients","volume":"82","author":"Menter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4565","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2350","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"98","author":"Legro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.31","article-title":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Lipid Guideline Development Work Group Members. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Lipid Management in CKD: summary of recommendation statements and clinical approach to the patient","volume":"85","author":"Wanner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109191","article-title":"Childhood cardiovascular risk factors and adult cardiovascular events","volume":"386","author":"Jacobs","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.62780","article-title":"Universal screening for familial hypercholesterolemia in children in Kagawa, Japan","volume":"29","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2011.09.003","article-title":"Dyslipidemia and pediatric obesity","volume":"58","author":"Cook","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.3.495","article-title":"highlights of the report of the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents","volume":"89","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000001140","article-title":"Predictive utility of remnant cholesterol in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"39","author":"Proctor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2024.07.005","article-title":"Remnant cholesterol as a residual risk in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease patients under statin-based lipid-lowering therapy: a post hoc analysis of the RACING trial","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib73","first-page":"e1082","article-title":"2018 AHA\/ACC\/AACVPR\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/APhA\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"139","author":"Grundy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003008","article-title":"Elevated remnant cholesterol causes both low-grade inflammation and ischemic heart disease, whereas elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol causes ischemic heart disease without inflammation","volume":"128","author":"Varbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib75","article-title":"Remnant cholesterol is associated with cardiovascular mortality","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.121.012615","article-title":"Remnant cholesterol: the leftovers and their contribution to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"14","author":"Bruemmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw152","volume":"37","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.03.384","article-title":"Elevated remnant cholesterol reclassifies risk of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction","volume":"79","author":"Doi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs431","article-title":"Genetically elevated non-fasting triglycerides and calculated remnant cholesterol as causal risk factors for myocardial infarction","volume":"34","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e373","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.319297","article-title":"Independent causal effect of remnant cholesterol on atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"43","author":"Navarese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.01.019","article-title":"Elevated serum concentrations of remnant cholesterol associate with increased carotid intima-media thickness in children and adolescents","volume":"232","author":"Di Costanzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-03859-9","article-title":"Beyond LDL cholesterol: remnant cholesterol is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children","volume":"23","author":"Torres-Costoso","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2024.08.013","article-title":"Role of apolipoprotein B in the clinical management of cardiovascular risk in adults: an Expert Clinical Consensus from the National Lipid Association","volume":"18","author":"Soffer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.3.299","article-title":"Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women","volume":"298","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02040-0","article-title":"Establishing non-fasting reference values for plasma lipids levels based on age, sex, and puberty stage in a French-Canadian pediatric population","volume":"23","author":"Bouhour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.07.028","article-title":"Pediatric reference intervals for calculated LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and remnant cholesterol in the healthy CALIPER cohort","volume":"486","author":"Higgins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.9852","article-title":"Screening for lipid disorders in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"316","author":"US Preventive Services Task Force","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12745","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12745","article-title":"ApoB-lipoprotein remnant dyslipidemia and high-fat meal intolerance is associated with markers of cardiometabolic risk in youth with obesity","volume":"16","author":"Krysa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03108-4","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) serum concentrations in children in relation to body mass index, age and sex","volume":"96","author":"St\u00fcrzebecher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000025586.89221.4B","article-title":"Elevated remnant-like particles in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and response to statin therapy","volume":"106","author":"de Sauvage Nolting","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006_bib91","author":"Lozano"}],"container-title":["CJC Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772812925001472?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772812925001472?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T22:53:43Z","timestamp":1786488823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772812925001472"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2772812925001472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-8129"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2772-8129","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lipid Screening for Cardiovascular Risk in Youth: A Narrative Review of Current Guidelines and Potential Use of Nonfasting Measures","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"CJC Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2025.10.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}