{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T04:11:51Z","timestamp":1777781511033,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Allergan, UK"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","contactlensjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Lens and Anterior Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T04:44:36Z","timestamp":1543293876000},"page":"147-154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Rationale for 24-hour management of dry eye disease: A review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Guillon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II definition and classification report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II epidemiology report","volume":"15","author":"Stapleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.011","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report","volume":"15","author":"Bron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997b","article-title":"The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the definition and classification subcommittee","volume":"52","author":"Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318225415a","article-title":"Distribution of aqueous-deficient and evaporative dry eye in a clinic-based patient cohort: a retrospective study","volume":"31","author":"Lemp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70299-9","article-title":"Predicted phenotypes of dry eye: proposed consequences of its natural history","volume":"7","author":"Bron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.001","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II diagnostic methodology report","volume":"15","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181c11e45","article-title":"Diurnal variation of visual function and the signs and symptoms of dry eye","volume":"29","author":"Walker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4753","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0270","article-title":"The relationship between habitual patient-reported symptoms and clinical signs among patients with dry eye of varying severity","volume":"44","author":"Begley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000920","article-title":"Diurnal variation in comfort in contact lens and non-contact lens wearers","volume":"93","author":"Dumbleton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318181a92f","article-title":"Subjective and objective variation of the tear film pre-and post-sleep","volume":"85","author":"Bitton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0060","first-page":"6044","article-title":"Effects of controlled heat delivery to the eyelid margin & eyelid hygiene on symptomatology and the tear film in MGD","volume":"54","author":"Guillon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0065","article-title":"Subjective comfort throughout the day - contact lens wear and dry eye","author":"Maissa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Presented at the Congress of the American Academy of Optometry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0070","first-page":"626","article-title":"Diurnal tear cycle: evidence for a nocturnal inflammatory constitutive tear fluid","volume":"33","author":"Sack","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689309029226","article-title":"Temporal sequence of changes in tear film composition during sleep","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2417-5_74","article-title":"The closed-eye challenge","volume":"350","author":"Holden","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199711000-00002","article-title":"Prolonged eyelid closure is a risk to the Cornea","volume":"16","author":"Baum","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199001000-00001","article-title":"A relatively dry eye during sleep","volume":"9","author":"Baum","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(00)00006-9","article-title":"Towards a closed eye model of the pre-ocular tear layer","volume":"19","author":"Sack","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1976.03910030405011","article-title":"Human tear pH: diurnal variations","volume":"94","author":"Carney","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1978.03910050076019","article-title":"Human tear osmotic pressure: diurnal variations and the closed eye","volume":"96","author":"Terry","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2012.12.005","article-title":"Comparison of IgA, TNF-\u03b1 and surface tension of the tear film in two different times of the day","volume":"36","author":"Puinhas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2005.11.013","article-title":"Alteration pattern of tear cytokines during the course of a day: diurnal rhythm analyzed by multicytokine assay","volume":"33","author":"Uchino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2011.00647.x","article-title":"Comparison of the tear film clinical parameters at two different times of the day","volume":"94","author":"Lira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198803000-00002","article-title":"Diurnal variation in precorneal tear film stability","volume":"65","author":"Patel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s40629-016-0006-7","article-title":"Visual analogue scales (VAS): measuring instruments for the documentation of symptoms and therapy monitoring in cases of allergic rhinitis in everyday health care","volume":"26","author":"Klimek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergo J Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.57.1.20","article-title":"Weak association between subjective symptoms of and objective testing for dry eyes and dry mouth: results from a population based study","volume":"57","author":"Hay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0140","first-page":"61","article-title":"International dry eye workshop, report of the international dry eye workshop (DEWS)","volume":"5","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2010.544442","article-title":"Blink rate, blink amplitude, and tear film integrity during dynamic visual display terminal tasks","volume":"36","author":"Cardona","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13780","article-title":"The effects of increasing ocular surface stimulation on blinking and sensation","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00108-6","article-title":"Diurnal variation in spontaneous eye-blink rate","volume":"93","author":"Barbato","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.06.022","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye disease among Japanese visual display terminal users","volume":"115","author":"Uchino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e3182658699","article-title":"Symptomatic relief associated with eyelid hygiene in anterior blepharitis and MGD","volume":"38","author":"Guillon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S1873-9598(09)70027-4","article-title":"SL, nocturnal lagophthalmos","volume":"3","author":"Tsai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0175","series-title":"Immunology","article-title":"P. Travers, M. Walport and M.J. Shlomchik. Basic concepts in immunology","author":"Janeway","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0180","first-page":"195","article-title":"Examination of the conjunctival microbiota after 8 hours of eye closure","volume":"21","author":"Ramachandran","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6294","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4772","article-title":"Evidence for the major contribution of evaporation to tear film thinning between blinks","volume":"51","author":"Kimball","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2011.03.036","article-title":"Objective optical assessment of tear-film quality dynamics in normal and mildly symptomatic dry eyes","volume":"37","author":"Benito","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82427","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082427","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of optical quality and intraocular scattering using the double-pass instrument in normal eyes and eyes with short tear breakup time","volume":"8","author":"Kobashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.006","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II management and therapy report","volume":"15","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0205","first-page":"1419","article-title":"Artificial tears potpourri: a literature review","volume":"8","author":"Moshirfar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.17221\/1930-VETMED","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan): a review","volume":"53","author":"Necas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0215","first-page":"108","article-title":"Fluorophotometric measurement of the precorneal residence time of topically applied hyaluronic acid","volume":"92","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Braz J Oper Prod Manag"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.8.879","article-title":"Sodium hyaluronate eye drops of different osmolarity for the treatment of dry eye in Sjogren\u2019s syndrome patients","volume":"86","author":"Aragona","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31829cfd44","article-title":"In vitro efficacy of ocular surface lubricants against dehydration","volume":"32","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199447030-00009","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid. A review of its pharmacology and use as a surgical aid in ophthalmology, and its therapeutic potential in joint disease and wound healing","volume":"47","author":"Goa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.2.181","article-title":"Long term treatment with sodium hyaluronate-containing artificial tears reduces ocular surface damage in patients with dry eye","volume":"86","author":"Aragona","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12647","article-title":"D. Schmidl, L. Schmetterer, K.J. Witkowska, A. Unterhuber, V. Aranha Dos Santos, et al., Effect of hyaluronic acid on tear film thickness as assessed with ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography","volume":"93","author":"Kaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0848","article-title":"P.A. Simmons, S. Xu, J. Vehige, Z. Zhao, K. Ehrmann and M. Willcox. Carboxymethylcellulose binds to human corneal epithelial cells and is a modulator of corneal epithelial wound healing","volume":"48","author":"Garrett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000117","article-title":"B. Cochener, P.J. Pisella, B. Girard, P. Pouliquen, H. Cooper, et al., Randomized, phase III study comparing osmoprotective carboxymethylcellulose with sodium hyaluronate in dry eye disease","volume":"22","author":"Baudouin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S78184","article-title":"H. Liu, C. Carlisle-Wilcox and J.G. Vehige. Efficacy and safety of two new formulations of artificial tears in subjects with dry eye disease: a 3-month, multicenter, active-controlled, randomized trial","volume":"9","author":"Simmons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2015.0042","article-title":"J. Li, B. Xiao, H. Lu, H. Liu, P.A. Simmons, et al., Evaluation of a novel artificial tear in the prevention and treatment of dry eye in an animal model","volume":"31","author":"She","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S13773","article-title":"Systane lubricant eye drops in the management of ocular dryness","volume":"5","author":"Benelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-008-0112-0","article-title":"Corneal staining reductions observed after treatment with Systane Lubricant Eye Drops","volume":"25","author":"Christensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3180de1c38","article-title":"An evaluation of tear film breakup time extension and ocular protection index scores among three marketed lubricant eye drops","volume":"26","author":"Ousler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2005.12.003","article-title":"A clinical evaluation of Systane","volume":"29","author":"Gifford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-7-5","article-title":"Establishing the tolerability and performance of tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP) in treating dry eye syndrome: results of a clinical study","volume":"7","author":"Rolando","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000355","article-title":"M. Rolando, M. Nardi, S. Bonini, P. Aragona and C.E. Traverso. The effect of an artificial tear combining hyaluronic acid and tamarind seeds polysaccharide in patients with moderate dry eye syndrome: a new treatment for dry eye","volume":"24","author":"Barabino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0295","unstructured":"Alcon. SYSTANE BALANCE Lubricant Eye Drops. 2013 1\/9\/2014 [cited 2017 November]; Available from: https:\/\/www.systane.com\/products\/eye-relief\/systane-balance-lubricating-eye-drops\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0300","unstructured":"Alcon. Systane Nighttime Eye Ointment. 2017 [cited 2017 November]; Available from: https:\/\/www.systane.com\/product-ingredients\/systane-nighttime-eye-ointment\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0305","unstructured":"Allergan, Optive Fusion\u2122 Multi-dose. 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0310","unstructured":"Allergan, OPTIVE GEL Drops labelling. 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0315","unstructured":"Bausch&Lomb. Artelac Rebalance 2014 03\/30\/2017 [cited 2017 November]; Available from: http:\/\/bausch.co.uk\/products\/artelac-rebalance."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0320","unstructured":"Bausch&Lomb. Artelac Nighttime Gel 2011 3\/31\/2015 [cited 2017 November]; Available from: http:\/\/bausch.co.uk\/products\/artelac-nighttime-gel."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0325","unstructured":"Bausch&Lomb. Soothe XP-Xtra Protection Emollient (Lubricant) Eye Drops. 2016 2016 [cited 2016 July]; Available from: http:\/\/www.bausch.com\/our-products\/dry-eye-products\/dry-eye-products\/soothe-xp-xtra-protection-emollient-lubricant-eye-drops#.V3ZZO5-V-kQ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0330","unstructured":"Bausch&Lomb. Soothe Night Time Lubricant Eye Ointment. 2017 [cited 2017 November]; Available from: http:\/\/www.bausch.com\/our-products\/dry-eye-products\/dry-eye-products\/soothe-night-time-ointment."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0335","unstructured":"MIMS. HydraMed. 2017 [cited 2017 November]; Available from: https:\/\/www.mims.co.uk\/drugs\/eye\/dry-eye\/hydramed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0340","unstructured":"MIMS. HydraMed Night. 2017 [cited 2017 November]; Available from: https:\/\/www.mims.co.uk\/drugs\/eye\/dry-eye\/hydramed-night-."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0345","unstructured":"Optrex. Rehydrating Eye Drops 2016. 3\/30\/2017 [cited 2017 November]; Available from: http:\/\/www.optrex.co.uk\/optrex-range\/drops\/optrex-rehydrating-eye-drops\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0350","unstructured":"Optrex. Night Restore Gel Drops 2016. 3\/30\/2017 [cited 2017 November]; Available from: http:\/\/www.optrex.co.uk\/optrex-range\/drops\/optrex-night-restore-gel-drops\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0355","unstructured":"SpectrumTheaPharmaceuticals. Thealoz Duo Leaflet 2014 3\/30\/2017 [cited 2017 November]; Available from: http:\/\/www.thea-pharmaceuticals.co.uk\/assets\/products\/Thealoz-Duo-Patient-Information.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0360","unstructured":"SpectrumTheaPharmaceuticals. Thealoz Duo Gel 2015 3\/30\/2017 [cited 2017 November]; Available from: http:\/\/www.thea-pharmaceuticals.co.uk\/products\/thealoz-duo-gel."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2013.07.003","article-title":"P. Aragona, E.M. Messmer, A. Tomlinson, M. Calonge, K.G. Boboridis, et al., Role of hyperosmolarity in the pathogenesis and management of dry eye disease: proceedings of the OCEAN group meeting","volume":"11","author":"Baudouin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0370","first-page":"248","article-title":"J.E. Chang-Lin, Q. Chung, J.G. Vehige and D. Welty. Effect of compatible solutes on transepithelial electrical resistance and uptake in primary rabbit corneal epithelial cell layers model","volume":"48","author":"Simmons","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules13081773","article-title":"Trehalose and trehalose-based polymers for environmentally benign, biocompatible and bioactive materials","volume":"13","author":"Teramoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e307","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13342","article-title":"D. Schmidl, A.M. Bata, K. Fondi, K.J. Witkowska, V. Aranha Dos Santos, et al., Effect of different lubricant eye gels on tear film thickness as measured with ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography","volume":"95","author":"Wozniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0385","first-page":"317","article-title":"C. Roubeix, Y. Wang, S. Shi, G. Liu, C. Baudouin, et al., Therapeutic efficacy of trehalose eye drops for treatment of murine dry eye induced by an intelligently controlled environmental system","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000171818.01353.8c","article-title":"R.C. Scaffidi, J.V. Greiner, K.R. Kenyon, J.P. Herman, C.A. Blackie, et al., The effect of two novel lubricant eye drops on tear film lipid layer thickness in subjects with dry eye symptoms","volume":"82","author":"Korb","year":"2005","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S74849","article-title":"Comparison of novel lipid-based eye drops with aqueous eye drops for dry eye: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Simmons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2012.757323","article-title":"Effectiveness of dry eye therapy under conditions of environmental stress","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0405","unstructured":"K. Evans, and L. Madden. Recommending dry eye treatments in community pharmacy. Pharmaceutical Journal. 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0410","series-title":"Pharmaceutical characteristics and delivery, in ophthalmic medications and pharmacology","author":"Duvall","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0415","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a New enhanced viscosity eye drop for moderate to severe dry eye disease: a multicenter, double-masked, randomized 30-day study","author":"Lievens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Presented at the American Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Meeting"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1996.tb00086.x","article-title":"P.M. M\u00f8oller, M. Dillon and E. Rask-Pedersen. Viscous carbomer eye drops in patients with dry eyes. Efficacy and safety. A randomized, open, cross-over, multicentre study","volume":"74","author":"Marner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30124-9","article-title":"F. McCurrach, S. Lee, H.R. Taylor, M. Rolando, C. Marechal-Courtois, et al., Efficacy and safety of 0.3% carbomer gel compared to placebo in patients with moderate-to-severe dry eye syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Sullivan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008_bib0430","unstructured":"D. Williams, S. Middleton, H. Fattahian and R. Moridpour. Comparison of hyaluronic acid-containing topical eye drops with carbomer-based topical ocular gel as a tear replacement in canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca: A prospective study in twenty five dogs. Vet Res Forum.3 (4), 2012, 229\u2013232."}],"container-title":["Contact Lens and Anterior Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1367048418300122?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1367048418300122?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T01:15:53Z","timestamp":1761268553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1367048418300122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1367048418300122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-0484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-0484","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Rationale for 24-hour management of dry eye disease: A review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Contact Lens and Anterior Eye","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 British Contact Lens Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}