{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T15:58:25Z","timestamp":1790956705026,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Modern University for Business and Science (MUBS) - Lebanon"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","contactlensjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Lens and Anterior Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T07:54:02Z","timestamp":1565337242000},"page":"355-358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors of symptomatic dry eye disease in Lebanon"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Sherry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Aridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wissam","family":"Ghach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(00)00202-2","article-title":"Dry eye disease : the scale of the problem","volume":"45","author":"Brewitt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II definition and classification report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0015","first-page":"75","article-title":"The International Dry Eye Workshop. The de\ufb01nition and classi\ufb01cation of dry eye disease: report of the De\ufb01nition and Classi\ufb01cation Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007)","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II epidemiology report","volume":"15","author":"Stapleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2016.01.003","article-title":"Contact Lens and Anterior Eye Epidemiology of symptoms of dry eye disease (DED) in Jordan : a cross-sectional non-clinical population-based study","volume":"39","author":"Bakkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305201","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye disease in a British female cohort","volume":"98","author":"Vehof","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0035","first-page":"58","article-title":"Epidemiology of dry eye syndrome in Hong Kong : a cross-sectional population-based study","volume":"15","author":"Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hong Kong J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2013.09.009","article-title":"Dry eye disease: prevalence, distribution and determinants in a hospital-based population","volume":"37","author":"Onwubiko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.06.033","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed dry eye disease in the United States among adults aged 18 years and older","volume":"182","author":"Farrand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12210","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for symptomatic dry eye disease in Singapore","volume":"98","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.5.615","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the ocular surface disease index","volume":"118","author":"Schiffman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S163303","article-title":"Ocular dryness assessment in Saudi employees working indoors and outdoors","volume":"10","author":"Fagehi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Optom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1319628","article-title":"Comparison of efficacy and ocular surface disease index score between bimatoprost, latanoprost, Travoprost, and Tafluprost in Glaucoma patients","volume":"2018","author":"El Hajj Moussa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000038","article-title":"A review of quality of life measures in dry eye questionnaires","volume":"33","author":"Grubbs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0075","first-page":"4","article-title":"Screening, diagnosis and management of dry eye disease : practical guidelines for canadian optometrists","volume":"76","author":"Prokopich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Optom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.9.1264","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome","volume":"118","author":"Moss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70262-8","article-title":"Silicone hydrogel contact lenses and the ocular surface","volume":"4","author":"Stapleton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2015.01.004","article-title":"Common symptoms of Nepalese soft contact lens wearers : a pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Sapkota","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199807000-00002","article-title":"Menopause and tear function: the influence of prolactin and sex hormones on human tear production","volume":"17","author":"Mathers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.81.10.824","article-title":"Aging and the lacrimal system","volume":"81","author":"Van Haeringen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2017.1362005","article-title":"Impact of smoking on the ocular surface, tear function, and tear osmolarity","volume":"42","author":"Akta\u015f","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/15569527.2015.1136828","article-title":"The effects of smoking on dry eye parameters in healthy women","volume":"36","author":"Erginturk Acar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cutan Ocul Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200701825775","article-title":"Cigarette and waterpipe smoking among Lebanese adolescents, a cross-sectional study, 2003 \u2013 2004","volume":"10","author":"El-Roueiheb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1395-3907.2003.00158.x","article-title":"The effects of chronic smoking on the ocular surface and tear characteristics : a clinical, histological and biochemical study","volume":"81","author":"Satici","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4066\/AMJ.2012.1035","article-title":"The effect of smoking on the ocular surface and the precorneal tear film","volume":"5","author":"Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Australas Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.07.014","article-title":"Waterpipe Tobacco and Cigarette Smoking. Direct Comparison of Toxicant Exposure","volume":"37","author":"Eissenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"}],"container-title":["Contact Lens and Anterior Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S136704841930195X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S136704841930195X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T01:17:18Z","timestamp":1761268638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S136704841930195X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S136704841930195X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-0484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-0484","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevalence and risk factors of symptomatic dry eye disease in Lebanon","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Contact Lens and Anterior Eye","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 British Contact Lens Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}