{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T23:41:44Z","timestamp":1771544504908,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004950","name":"Aston University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","contactlensjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Lens and Anterior Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T17:57:06Z","timestamp":1593539826000},"page":"101344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Efficacy of a novel water propelled, heating eye mask massager on tear film and ocular adnexa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"S\u00f2nia","family":"Trav\u00e9-Huarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Wolffsohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997a","article-title":"The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: executive summary","volume":"52","author":"Nichols","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II definition and classification report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997g","article-title":"The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on management and treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"52","author":"Geerling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1035","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31825c3479","article-title":"A comparison of an eyelid-warming device to traditional compress therapy","volume":"89","author":"Pult","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19088","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in tear evaporation rates after eyelid warming therapies in meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"57","author":"Yeo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00203-3","article-title":"The lipid layer of tears: dependent on meibomian gland function","volume":"78","author":"McCulley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5359-5_50","article-title":"Meibomian gland lipids, evaporation, and tear film stability","volume":"438","author":"Mathers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2014.971929","article-title":"Evaluation of meibomian gland dysfunction and local distribution of meibomian gland atrophy by non-contact infrared meibography","volume":"40","author":"Finis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.12.1403","article-title":"Treatment of non-inflamed obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction by an infrared warm compression device","volume":"86","author":"Goto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305220","article-title":"Randomised masked clinical trial of the MGDRx eyebag for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction-related evaporative dry eye","volume":"98","author":"Bilkhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000134","article-title":"Effect of a commercially available warm compress on eyelid temperature and tear film in healthy eyes","volume":"91","author":"Bilkhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5155(03)00142-4","article-title":"Disposable eyelid-warming device for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"47","author":"Mori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000208822.70732.25","article-title":"Efficacy of a new warm moist air device on tear functions of patients with simple meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"25","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.07.008","article-title":"Randomised trial of the clinical utility of an eyelid massage device for the management of meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.09.005","article-title":"Effect of the Bruder moist heat eye compress on contact lens discomfort in contact lens wearers: an open-label randomized clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Tichenor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2019.11.07","article-title":"Comparison of anti-inflammatory effects of intense pulsed light with tobramycin\/dexamethasone plus warm compress on dry eye associated meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1686153","article-title":"The efficacy of warm compresses in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction and Demodex folliculorum blepharitis","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S191588","article-title":"TearCare (R) system extension study: evaluation of the safety, effectiveness, and durability through 12 months of a second TearCare (R) treatment on subjects with dry eye disease","volume":"13","author":"Badawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S160403","article-title":"A novel system, TearCare (R), for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease","volume":"12","author":"Badawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0100","first-page":"7","article-title":"Effects of a warm compress containing menthol on the tear film in healthy subjects and dry eye patients","author":"Arita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000228","article-title":"Clinical trial of thermal pulsation (LipiFlow) in meibomian gland dysfunction with preteatment meibography","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye & Contact Lens-Science and Clinical Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S109663","article-title":"The sustained effect (12 months) of a single-dose vectored thermal pulsation procedure for meibomian gland dysfunction and evaporative dry eye","volume":"10","author":"Blackie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-014-9947-3","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel eyelid-warming device in meibomian gland dysfunction unresponsive to traditional warm compress treatment: an in vivo confocal study","volume":"35","author":"Villani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318239aaea","article-title":"A new system, the LipiFlow, for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"31","author":"Lane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70150-7","article-title":"The contribution of meibomian disease to dry eye","volume":"2","author":"Bron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0130","first-page":"1958","article-title":"The role of wax and sterol esters of meibomian secretions in chronic blepharitis","volume":"30","author":"Osgood","year":"1989","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2015.06.002","article-title":"Temperature profiles of patient-applied eyelid warming therapies","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318181adef","article-title":"Inner eyelid surface temperature as a function of warm compress methodology","volume":"85","author":"Blackie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000476164.97929.f2","article-title":"Many benefits, little risk: the use of massage in nursing practice","volume":"116","author":"Westman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.001","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II diagnostic methodology report","volume":"15","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2002.00020.x","article-title":"The application of analysis of variance (ANOVA) to different experimental designs in optometry","volume":"22","author":"Armstrong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-015-0036-9","article-title":"Intra-observer and inter-observer repeatability of ocular surface interferometer in measuring lipid layer thickness","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.02.037","article-title":"Comparison of two questionnaires for dry eye symptom assessment: the ocular surface disease index and the symptom assessment in dry eye","volume":"122","author":"Amparo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31828aaf10","article-title":"In situ osmometry: validation and effect of sample collection technique","volume":"90","author":"Gokhale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.09.013","article-title":"A simplified quantitative method for assessing keratoconjunctivitis sicca from the Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome International Registry","volume":"149","author":"Whitcher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e284","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000673","article-title":"Influence of climate on clinical diagnostic dry eye tests: pilot study","volume":"92","author":"Teson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2017.09.004","article-title":"Comparison of treatment effect across varying severities of meibomian gland dropout","volume":"41","author":"Turnbull","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4753","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0270","article-title":"The relationship between habitual patient-reported symptoms and clinical signs among patients with dry eye of varying severity","volume":"44","author":"Begley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182032b21","article-title":"Effects of eye rubbing and breath holding on corneal biomechanical properties and intraocular pressure","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1686153","article-title":"The efficacy of warm compresses in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction and Demodex folliculorum blepharitis","volume":"45","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"}],"container-title":["Contact Lens and Anterior Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1367048420301144?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1367048420301144?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T01:17:26Z","timestamp":1761268646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1367048420301144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1367048420301144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-0484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-0484","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Efficacy of a novel water propelled, heating eye mask massager on tear film and ocular adnexa","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Contact Lens and Anterior Eye","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clae.2020.06.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 British Contact Lens Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101344"}}