{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:32:04Z","timestamp":1792607524245,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","contactlensjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Lens and Anterior Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T07:33:36Z","timestamp":1617694416000},"page":"101441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Comparison of the performance of the dry eye questionnaire (DEQ-5) to the ocular surface disease index in a non-clinical population"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3657-6768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prince Kwaku","family":"Akowuah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4296-5882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Adjei-Anang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest Kyei","family":"Nkansah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Fummey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kofi","family":"Osei-Poku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prince","family":"Boadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7246-773X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asafo Agyei","family":"Frimpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II definition and classification report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.06.033","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed dry eye disease in the United States among adults aged 18 years and older","volume":"182","author":"Farrand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305201","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye disease in a British female cohort","volume":"98","author":"Vehof","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70040-X","article-title":"Patient-reported symptoms in dry eye disease","volume":"4","author":"Nichols","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2016.04.005","article-title":"Understanding symptoms and quality of life in patients with dry eye syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Barabino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.11.003","article-title":"The impact of dry eye disease treatment on patient satisfaction and quality of life: a review","volume":"17","author":"Gomes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.11.060","article-title":"Impact of dry eye syndrome on vision-related quality of life","volume":"143","author":"Miljanovi\u0107","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2015.11.002","article-title":"Economic and humanistic burden of dry eye disease in Europe, North America, and Asia: a systematic literature review","volume":"14","author":"McDonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2011.566264","article-title":"Work productivity loss in patients with dry eye disease: an online survey","volume":"27","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S36352","article-title":"Impact of dry eye on work productivity","volume":"4","author":"Yamada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinicoecon Outcomes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2011.11.003","article-title":"Evaluation of dry eye","volume":"57","author":"McGinnigle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000130","article-title":"Correlation of tear osmolarity and dry eye symptoms in convention attendees","volume":"91","author":"Caffery","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000133997.07144.9e","article-title":"The lack of association between signs and symptoms in patients with dry eye disease","volume":"23","author":"Nichols","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4753","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0270","article-title":"The relationship between habitual patient-reported symptoms and clinical signs among patients with dry eye of varying severity","volume":"44","author":"Begley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200404000-00010","article-title":"The repeatability of clinical measurements of dry eye","volume":"23","author":"Nichols","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70082-4","article-title":"The epidemiology of dry eye disease: report of the epidemiology subcommittee of the international Dry Eye WorkShop (2007)","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200007000-00016","article-title":"Survey of preferred tests for diagnosis of the tear film and dry eye","volume":"19","author":"Korb","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200007000-00015","article-title":"Frequency of dry eye diagnostic test procedures used in various modes of ophthalmic practice","volume":"19","author":"Nichols","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.5.615","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the ocular surface disease index","volume":"118","author":"Schiffman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10080559","article-title":"A review of dry eye questionnaires: measuring patient-reported outcomes and health-related quality of life","volume":"10","author":"Okumura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2009.12.010","article-title":"Validation of the 5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5): discrimination across self-assessed severity and aqueous tear deficient dry eye diagnoses","volume":"33","author":"Chalmers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000256","article-title":"Symptomatic dry eye and its associated factors: a study of university undergraduate students in Ghana","volume":"43","author":"Asiedu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.356","article-title":"Minimal clinically important difference for the ocular surface disease index","volume":"128","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.12.067","article-title":"Prevalence and associated risk factors of symptomatic dry eye in Ghana: a cross-sectional population-based study","author":"Kobia-Acquah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31826671ab","article-title":"The effect of low humidity on the human tear film","volume":"32","author":"Abusharha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0130","first-page":"85","article-title":"Urbanization in Ghana: insights and implications for urban governance","author":"Cobbinah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Popul. Growth Rapid Urban. Dev. World"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000712","article-title":"Ocular surface disease index (OSDI) versus the standard patient evaluation of eye dryness (SPEED): a study of a nonclinical sample","volume":"35","author":"Asiedu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.1.98","article-title":"What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications","volume":"78","author":"Cortina","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0145","first-page":"627","article-title":"Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for medical diagnostic test evaluation","volume":"4","author":"Hajian-Tilaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Casp J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.143.1.7063747","article-title":"The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve","author":"Hanley","year":"1982","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2005.05.004","article-title":"Receiver operating characteristics curves and related decision measures: a tutorial","volume":"80","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemometr Intell Lab Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.5243","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of 5 validated symptom questionnaires as screening instruments for dry eye disease","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0165","first-page":"S83","article-title":"Sensitivity, specificity, receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves and likelihood ratios: communicating the performance of diagnostic tests","volume":"29","author":"Florkowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Biochem Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","article-title":"Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic","volume":"22","author":"McHugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem Medica"}],"container-title":["Contact Lens and Anterior Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1367048421000527?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1367048421000527?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T01:21:32Z","timestamp":1761268892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1367048421000527"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1367048421000527"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-0484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-0484","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Comparison of the performance of the dry eye questionnaire (DEQ-5) to the ocular surface disease index in a non-clinical population","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Contact Lens and Anterior Eye","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101441","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 British Contact Lens Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101441"}}