{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T12:41:33Z","timestamp":1777552893735,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","contactlensjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Lens and Anterior Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T07:43:39Z","timestamp":1621237419000},"page":"101468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessment of four validated questionnaires for screening of dry eye disease in an African cohort"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Ilechie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1733-3509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl Halladay","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naa Adjeley","family":"Addo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5766-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Ntodie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Ocansey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel Bert","family":"Boadi-Kusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4278-2237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Owusu-Ansah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3138-0213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngozi","family":"Ezinne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.06.033","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed dry eye disease in the United States among adults aged 18 years and older","volume":"182","author":"Farrand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S5555","article-title":"Etiology, prevalence, and treatment of dry eye disease","volume":"3","author":"Gayton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol (Auckland, NZ)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.78","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye disease in an elderly Korean population","volume":"129","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000256","article-title":"Symptomatic dry eye and its associated factors: a study of university undergraduate students in Ghana","volume":"43","author":"Asiedu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0915","article-title":"The relative burden of dry eye in patients\u2019 lives: comparisons to a U.S. Normative sample","volume":"46","author":"Mertzanis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.11.060","article-title":"Impact of dry eye syndrome on vision-related quality of life","volume":"143","author":"Miljanovi\u0107","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II definition and classification report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.001","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II diagnostic methodology report","volume":"15","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12012","article-title":"Correlations between commonly used objective signs and symptoms for the diagnosis of dry eye disease: clinical implications","volume":"92","author":"Sullivan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200007000-00016","article-title":"Survey of preferred tests for diagnosis of the tear film and dry eye","volume":"19","author":"Korb","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000712","article-title":"Ocular surface disease index (OSDI) versus the standard patient evaluation of eye dryness (SPEED): a study of a nonclinical sample","volume":"35","author":"Asiedu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E692","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318181ae36","article-title":"Dry eye symptoms assessed by four questionnaires","volume":"85","author":"Simpson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2009.12.010","article-title":"Validation of the 5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5): discrimination across self-assessed severity and aqueous tear deficient dry eye diagnoses","volume":"33","author":"Chalmers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8630","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8027","article-title":"Rasch analysis of the ocular surface disease index (OSDI)","volume":"52","author":"Dougherty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4180","article-title":"McMonnies questionnaire: enhancing screening for dry eye syndromes with rasch analysis","volume":"51","author":"Gothwal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.01.005","article-title":"Rasch analysis of three dry eye questionnaires and correlates with objective clinical tests","volume":"15","author":"McAlinden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-6-25","article-title":"Patient-centred measurement in ophthalmology - A paradigm shift","volume":"6","author":"Pesudovs","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2998(78)80014-2","article-title":"Basic principles of ROC analysis","volume":"8","author":"Metz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2011.07.005","article-title":"A new modified fluorescein strip: its repeatability and usefulness in tear film break-up time analysis","volume":"35","author":"Pult","year":"2012","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200310000-00008","article-title":"Grading of corneal and conjunctival staining in the context of other dry eye tests","volume":"22","author":"Bron","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0105","first-page":"221","article-title":"Report of the National Eye Institute\/Industry workshop on clinical trials in dry eyes","volume":"21","author":"Lemp","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0110","first-page":"370","article-title":"Reasonable mean-square fit values","volume":"8","author":"Wright","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rasch Meas Trans"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0292","article-title":"Psychometric performance of the NEI VFQ-25 in visually normal latinos: the los angeles latino eye study","volume":"44","author":"Globe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200405000-00010","article-title":"The reliability and validity of McMonnies dry eye index","volume":"23","author":"Nichols","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6210853","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of McMonnies questionnaire as a screening survey for dry eye: a multicenter analysis","volume":"2016","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.5243","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of 5 validated symptom questionnaires as screening instruments for dry eye disease","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Contact Lens and Anterior Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1367048421000886?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1367048421000886?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T01:20:09Z","timestamp":1761268809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1367048421000886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1367048421000886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-0484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-0484","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessment of four validated questionnaires for screening of dry eye disease in an African cohort","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Contact Lens and Anterior Eye","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101468","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 British Contact Lens Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101468"}}