{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T17:13:38Z","timestamp":1778606018980,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017521","name":"Esteve Pharmaceuticals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["08038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017521","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","contactlensjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Lens and Anterior Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T23:57:52Z","timestamp":1736294272000},"page":"102368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Diversity and composition of ocular microbiota in contact lens wearers: Efficacy of liposomal ozonated oil"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Carmen","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Gallardo-Real","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Estanislao","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Concepci\u00f3n","family":"De-Hita-Cantalejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Capote-Puente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Mar\u00eda","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.10.006","article-title":"Investigation of the global protein content from healthy human tears","volume":"179","author":"Dor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2018-000248","article-title":"Metagenomics in ophthalmology: Current findings and future prospectives","volume":"4","author":"Borroni","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810229","article-title":"Exploring the healthy eye microbiota niche in a multicenter study","volume":"23","author":"Borroni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196354","article-title":"Ocular surface microbiota in na\u00efve keratoconus: A multicenter validation study","volume":"12","author":"Rocha-de-Lossada","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.06.014","article-title":"Considerations in understanding the ocular surface microbiome","volume":"158","author":"Zegans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.06.003","article-title":"Characterization of the normal microbiota of the ocular surface","volume":"117","author":"Willcox","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721221149077","article-title":"Shotgun metagenomic sequencing in culture negative microbial keratitis","volume":"33","author":"Borroni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2018-000246","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing for the detection of microorganisms present in human donor corneal preservation medium","volume":"4","author":"Parekh","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3283303e1b","article-title":"The role of microbial flora on the ocular surface","volume":"9","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00198-16","article-title":"Changes in the eye microbiota associated with contact lens wearing","volume":"7","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9880","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10494-9","article-title":"Temporal stability and composition of the ocular surface microbiome","volume":"7","author":"Ozkan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0612-2","article-title":"Bacterial profile of ocular infections: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Teweldemedhin","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S5778","article-title":"Impact of antibiotic resistance in the management of ocular infections: the role of current and future antibiotics","volume":"3","author":"Bertino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-021-00238-2","article-title":"Common bacterial causes of external ocular infections, associated risk factors and antibiotic resistance among patients at ophthalmology unit of Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Ayehubizu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05361-3","article-title":"Bactericidal activity of three different antiseptic ophthalmic preparations as surgical prophylaxis","volume":"260","author":"Tognetto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1159\/000488846","article-title":"Use of ozone-based eye drops: A series of cases in veterinary and human spontaneous ocular pathologies","volume":"9","author":"Spadea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0085","article-title":"Ozone-based eye drops activity on ocular epithelial cells and potential pathogens infecting the front of the eye","volume":"10","author":"Paduch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0090","first-page":"327","article-title":"Topical Liposomal Ozonated Oil in Complicated Corneal Disease: A Report on Three Clinical Cases","volume":"14","author":"Passidomo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Med Case Rep J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0095","article-title":"Liposomal ozonated oil effectiveness in the signs and symptoms of blepharitis in usual clinical practice","author":"Ben\u00edtez-Del-Castillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01235.x","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of ozonized sunflower oil (Oleozon)","volume":"90","author":"Sechi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06939.x","article-title":"The dual action of ozone on the skin","volume":"153","author":"Valacchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370218813616","article-title":"The microbiome and ophthalmic disease","volume":"244","author":"Baim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1570526","article-title":"The ocular microbiome: molecular characterisation of a unique and low microbial environment","volume":"44","author":"Ozkan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.03.010","article-title":"The ocular microbiome and microbiota and their effects on ocular surface pathophysiology and disorders","volume":"66","author":"Aragona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5752","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24845","article-title":"Potential role of ocular microbiome, host genotype, tear cytokines, and environmental factors in corneal infiltrative events in contact lens wearers","volume":"59","author":"Chao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2016.04.005","article-title":"Cutoff score and responsiveness of the 8-item Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire (CLDEQ-8) in a Large daily disposable contact lens registry","volume":"39","author":"Chalmers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318269c90d","article-title":"Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8 (CLDEQ-8) and opinion of contact lens performance","volume":"89","author":"Chalmers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.001","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Diagnostic Methodology report","volume":"15","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6682","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00712-07","article-title":"The termite group I phylum is highly diverse and widespread in the environment","volume":"73","author":"Herlemann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1139\/gen-2017-0081","article-title":"PCR cycles above routine numbers do not compromise high-throughput DNA barcoding results","volume":"60","author":"Vierna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0165","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12669-6","article-title":"Species abundance information improves sequence taxonomy classification accuracy","volume":"10","author":"Kaehler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0141-9","article-title":"Qiita: Rapid, web-enabled microbiome meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0180","unstructured":"Illumina | Sequencing and array solutions to fuel genomic discoveries n.d. https:\/\/www.illumina.com (accessed September 16, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0185","unstructured":"(http:\/\/www.R-project.org). - Buscar con Google n.d. https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=%28http%3A%2F%2Fwww.R-project.org%29. (accessed September 16, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kassambara A. \u201cggplot2\u201d Based Publication Ready Plots [R package ggpubr version 0.6.0] 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.PACKAGE.GGPUBR.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.ggpubr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0195","unstructured":"Introduction to the microbiome R package n.d. https:\/\/microbiome.github.io\/tutorials\/ (accessed September 16, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.22336\/rjo.2020.42","article-title":"Topical antibiotic therapy in eye infections - myths and certainties in the era of bacterial resistance to antibiotics","volume":"64","author":"Victoria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rom J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-021-00238-2","article-title":"Common bacterial causes of external ocular infections, associated risk factors and antibiotic resistance among patients at ophthalmology unit of Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Ayehubizu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107848","article-title":"Preoperative topical liposomal ozone dispersion to reduce bacterial colonization in conjunctival sac and periocular skin: Preliminary study in dogs","volume":"189","author":"Marchegiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0215","first-page":"389","article-title":"Infectious Keratitis: Characterization of Microbial Diversity through Species Richness and Shannon Diversity Index","volume":"14","author":"Schiano-Lomoriello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S360929","article-title":"Liposomal ozonated oil in ocular infections: A review of preclinical and clinical studies, focusing on its antiseptic and regenerative properties","volume":"16","author":"P\u00e9rez-Santonja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000000672","article-title":"Effectiveness of liposomal ozonized oil in reducing ocular microbial flora in patients undergoing cataract surgery","volume":"47","author":"Spadea","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13949","article-title":"Antibiofilm and repair activity of ozonated oil in liposome","volume":"15","author":"Zerillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac055","article-title":"Ozonated oil is effective at killing Candida species and Streptococcus mutans biofilm-derived cells under aerobic and microaerobic conditions","volume":"60","author":"Higa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814078","article-title":"Ozonated oil in liposome eyedrops reduces the formation of biofilm, selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and adhesion of bacteria to human corneal cells","volume":"24","author":"Gentili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.7b00170","article-title":"New Perspectives in Biofilm Eradication","volume":"4","author":"Wolfmeier","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2001.00230.x","article-title":"Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness","volume":"4","author":"Gotelli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000000754","article-title":"Chlorhexidine and other alternatives for povidone-iodine in ophthalmic surgery: Review of comparative studies","volume":"48","author":"Kanclerz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000682","article-title":"Safety of intracameral injection of minimal bactericidal concentration of povidone iodine on the corneal endothelium in a rabbit model","volume":"35","author":"ElKitkat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109080","article-title":"Characterising the tear bacterial microbiome in young adults","volume":"219","author":"Pal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"}],"container-title":["Contact Lens and Anterior Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1367048425000025?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1367048425000025?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T16:59:12Z","timestamp":1778605152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1367048425000025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1367048425000025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-0484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-0484","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diversity and composition of ocular microbiota in contact lens wearers: Efficacy of liposomal ozonated oil","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Contact Lens and Anterior Eye","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102368","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Contact Lens Association.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102368"}}