{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:11:17Z","timestamp":1792789877790,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007289","name":"Nanjing Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LCYJY202319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCYJY202319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","contactlensjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Lens and Anterior Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T16:36:10Z","timestamp":1751733370000},"page":"102473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effectiveness of DIMS combined with atropine and orthokeratology in a real-world setting in China"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Desheng","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanxu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1051\/medsci\/2020131","article-title":"Myopia in children","volume":"36","author":"Bremond-Gignac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci (Paris)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M106","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25958","article-title":"IMI - Interventions myopia institute: interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression report","volume":"60","author":"Wildsoet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12082","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia-related retinal changes among 12-18 year old Hong Kong Chinese high myopes","volume":"33","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S241435","article-title":"Pathogenesis and prevention of worsening axial elongation in pathological myopia","volume":"14","author":"Pugazhendhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.256","article-title":"Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control","volume":"28","author":"Holden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0035","first-page":"1104","article-title":"Progression of myopia in children and teenagers: a nationwide longitudinal study","volume":"106","author":"Tricard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4603","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24032","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and impact of myopic macular degeneration on visual impairment and functioning among adults in Singapore","volume":"59","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000894","article-title":"Effects of orthokeratology on choroidal thickness and axial length","volume":"93","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4514","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-13935","article-title":"Central and peripheral corneal power change in myopic orthokeratology and its relationship with 2-year axial length change","volume":"56","author":"Zhong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000232840.66716.af","article-title":"Peripheral refraction in orthokeratology patients","volume":"83","author":"Charman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181d951f7","article-title":"Peripheral refraction in myopic patients after orthokeratology","volume":"87","author":"Queiros","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313739","article-title":"Defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses slow myopia progression: a 2-year randomised clinical trial","volume":"104","author":"Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-303914","article-title":"Defocus Incorporated Soft Contact (DISC) lens slows myopia progression in Hong Kong Chinese schoolchildren: a 2-year randomised clinical trial","volume":"98","author":"Lam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32700-7","article-title":"Long-term myopia control effect and safety in children wearing DIMS spectacle lenses for 6 years","volume":"13","author":"Lam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.5.53","article-title":"Defocus incorporated multiple segments spectacle lenses changed the relative peripheral refraction: a 2-year randomized clinical trial","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2022-000971","article-title":"Vision tests on spectacle lenses and contact lenses for optical myopia correction: a pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Kaymak","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-02987-5","article-title":"Comparison of the long-term effects of atropine in combination with Orthokeratology and defocus incorporated multiple segment lenses for myopia control in Chinese children and adolescents","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2024.102122","article-title":"Different efficacy in myopia control: Comparison between orthokeratology and defocus-incorporated multiple segment lenses","volume":"47","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2024.102167","article-title":"Effectiveness of orthokeratology and myopia control spectacles in a real-world setting in China","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281816","article-title":"A comparison of myopia control in European children and adolescents with defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacles, atropine, and combined DIMS\/atropine","volume":"18","author":"Nucci","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22311","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25599-z","article-title":"Synergistic effects of defocus-incorporated multiple segments and atropine in slowing the progression of myopia","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-02987-5","article-title":"Comparison of the long-term effects of atropine in combination with Orthokeratology and defocus incorporated multiple segment lenses for myopia control in Chinese children and adolescents","volume":"38","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e229","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15746","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of different optical interventions on the control of myopia in children","volume":"102","author":"Sarkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.40986","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Myopia Progression Interventions in Children","volume":"6","author":"Agyekum","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.10.006","article-title":"Pre-treatment observation of axial elongation for evidence-based selection of children in Hong Kong for myopia control","volume":"42","author":"Cheung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02294-1","article-title":"Factors associated with faster axial elongation after orthokeratology treatment","volume":"22","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2015.07.006","article-title":"Higher spherical equivalent refractive errors is associated with slower axial elongation wearing orthokeratology","volume":"39","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5060","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8005","article-title":"Myopia control with orthokeratology contact lenses in Spain: refractive and biometric changes","volume":"53","author":"Santodomingo-Rubido","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2022-321272","article-title":"Effect of atropine, orthokeratology and combined treatments for myopia control: a 2-year stratified randomised clinical trial","volume":"107","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680590907256","article-title":"The longitudinal orthokeratology research in children (LORIC) in Hong Kong: a pilot study on refractive changes and myopic control","volume":"30","author":"Cho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7077","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10565","article-title":"Retardation of myopia in Orthokeratology (ROMIO) study: a 2-year randomized clinical trial","volume":"53","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20594","article-title":"Protective role of orthokeratology in reducing risk of rapid axial elongation: a reanalysis of data from the ROMIO and TO-SEE studies","volume":"58","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0170","first-page":"991","article-title":"Short term effect of choroid thickness in the horizontal meridian detected by spectral domain optical coherence tomography in myopic children after orthokeratology","volume":"11","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0175","article-title":"Long-term effect of orthokeratology on choroidal thickness and choroidal contour in myopic children","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34936","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34936","article-title":"The effect of topical atropine on the choroidal thickness of healthy children","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2020.1863431","article-title":"Change and recovery of choroid thickness after short-term application of 1% atropine gel and its influencing factors in 6-7-year-old children","volume":"46","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.12.014","article-title":"The association of choroidal thickening by atropine with treatment effects for myopia: two-year clinical trial of the low-concentration atropine for myopia progression (LAMP) study","volume":"237","author":"Yam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-023-00356-z","article-title":"Defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses increase the choroidal thickness: a two-year randomized clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Chun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye vis (lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.07.001","article-title":"Vision-related quality of life of Chinese children undergoing orthokeratology treatment compared to single vision spectacles","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000529","article-title":"Investigation of the effect of orthokeratology lenses on quality of life and behaviors of children","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000219","article-title":"The safety of orthokeratology\u2013a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243416","article-title":"Categorisation of myopia progression by change in refractive error and axial elongation and their impact on benefit of myopia control using orthokeratology","volume":"15","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.24162","article-title":"Effect of low-concentration atropine eyedrops vs placebo on myopia incidence in children: the LAMP2 randomized clinical trial","volume":"329","author":"Yam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282286","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of 0.01% atropine alone or combined with orthokeratology for children with myopia: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.07.004","article-title":"Five-year clinical trial on atropine for the treatment of myopia 2: myopia control with atropine 0.01% eyedrops","volume":"123","author":"Chia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000002119","article-title":"Myopia control: seeing beyond efficacy","volume":"101","author":"Bullimore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Contact Lens and Anterior Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1367048425001079?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1367048425001079?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T22:49:21Z","timestamp":1764629361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1367048425001079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1367048425001079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-0484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-0484","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effectiveness of DIMS combined with atropine and orthokeratology in a real-world setting in China","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Contact Lens and Anterior Eye","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clae.2025.102473","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 British Contact Lens Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102473"}}