{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T22:56:43Z","timestamp":1763765803996},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]],"date-time":"2010-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272672000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,9]],"date-time":"2010-06-09T04:50:26Z","timestamp":1276059026000},"page":"251-262","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Management of Acute Variceal Bleeding: Emphasis on Endoscopic Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"C\u00e1rdenas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-951603","article-title":"Measurement of portal pressure and its role in the management of chronic liver disease","volume":"26","author":"Bosch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.10.013","article-title":"Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies","volume":"44","author":"D'Amico","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07294.x","article-title":"Improved patient survival after acute variceal bleeding: a multicenter, cohort study","volume":"98","author":"Chalasani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20339","article-title":"Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the past two decades","volume":"40","author":"Carbonell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"62","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2005.07.031","article-title":"ASGE guideline: the role of endoscopy in the management of variceal hemorrhage, updated","volume":"2005","author":"Qureshi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12778-X","article-title":"Prevention of variceal rebleeding","volume":"361","author":"Bosch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00420-8","article-title":"Incidence and natural history of small esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients","volume":"38","author":"Merli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3261(05)70186-0","article-title":"Natural history of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"5","author":"de Franchis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198810133191505","article-title":"Prediction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. A prospective multicenter study","volume":"319","author":"The North Italian Endoscopic Club for the Study and Treatment of Esophageal Varices","year":"1988","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)91168-6","article-title":"Hemodynamic events in a prospective randomized trial of propranolol versus placebo in the prevention of a first variceal hemorrhage","volume":"99","author":"Groszmann","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50385","article-title":"Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators","volume":"38","author":"D'Amico","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007133","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension: an evidence-based approach","volume":"19","author":"D'Amico","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90144-X","article-title":"The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage","volume":"80","author":"Graham","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270504","article-title":"Bacterial infection is independently associated with failure to control bleeding in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage","volume":"27","author":"Goulis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80035-X","article-title":"A\u00a0predictive model for failure to control bleeding during acute variceal haemorrhage","volume":"31","author":"Ben Ari","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.10.008","article-title":"Hepatic venous pressure gradient and prognosis in patients with acute variceal bleeding treated with pharmacologic and endoscopic therapy","volume":"48","author":"Abraldes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20386","article-title":"Influence of portal hypertension and its early decompression by TIPS placement on the outcome of variceal bleeding","volume":"40","author":"Monescillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21089","article-title":"Improved prognosis for patients hospitalized with esophageal varices in Sweden 1969\u20132002","volume":"43","author":"Stokkeland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.137489","article-title":"Predictors of early re-bleeding and mortality after acute variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"57","author":"Bambha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.27830","article-title":"Renal failure after upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis: incidence, clinical course, predictive factors, and short-term prognosis","volume":"34","author":"Cardenas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9616-0","article-title":"Risk of aspiration pneumonia in suspected variceal hemorrhage: the value of prophylactic endotracheal intubation prior to endoscopy","volume":"52","author":"Koch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2003.46","article-title":"Endotracheal intubation for airway protection during endoscopy for severe upper GI hemorrhage","volume":"57","author":"Rudolph","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.05.009","article-title":"Evolving consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension","volume":"43","author":"de Franchis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510310306","article-title":"The role of portal pressure in the severity of bleeding in portal hypertensive rats","volume":"31","author":"Castaneda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20126","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis after endoscopic therapy prevents rebleeding in acute variceal hemorrhage: a randomized trial","volume":"39","author":"Hou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520310000690","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis of bacterial infections in cirrhotic inpatients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"38","author":"Soares-Weiser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.07.010","article-title":"Norfloxacin vs ceftriaxone in the prophylaxis of infections in patients with advanced cirrhosis and hemorrhage","volume":"131","author":"Fernandez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92708-5","article-title":"Early administration of terlipressin plus glyceryl trinitrate to control active upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotic patients","volume":"346","author":"Levacher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002147","article-title":"Terlipressin for acute variceal hemorrhage","volume":"1","author":"Ioannou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000193.pub3","article-title":"Somatostatin analogues for acute bleeding oesophageal varices","volume":"3","author":"Gotzsche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.16601","article-title":"Multicenter randomized controlled trial of terlipressin versus sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding: the TEST study","volume":"32","author":"Escorsell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80259-6","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of sclerotherapy versus somatostatin infusion in the prevention of early rebleeding following acute variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Variceal Bleeding Study Group","volume":"29","author":"Escorsell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00206-9","article-title":"Multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing different schedules of somatostatin in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding","volume":"35","author":"Moitinho","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.22451","article-title":"Octreotide for acute esophageal variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"Corley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.20892","article-title":"Desensitization to the effects of intravenous octreotide in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension","volume":"120","author":"Escorsell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.11.012","article-title":"Current endoscopic therapy for variceal bleeding","volume":"22","author":"Villanueva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2007.09.052","article-title":"Injection therapies for variceal bleeding disorders of the GI tract","volume":"67","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1010483","article-title":"Complications of endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal varices","volume":"24","author":"Baillie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-5157(18)30365-9","article-title":"Complications related to endoscopic hemostasis techniques","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80272-7","article-title":"Infectious sequelae after endoscopic sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices: role of antibiotic prophylaxis","volume":"18","author":"Rolando","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(94)70109-1","article-title":"Bacteremia and bacterascites after endoscopic sclerotherapy for bleeding esophageal varices and prevention by intravenous cefotaxime: a randomized trial","volume":"40","author":"Selby","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2008.17","article-title":"Endoscopic variceal band ligation","volume":"104","author":"Baron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007131","article-title":"Endoscopic treatments for portal hypertension","volume":"19","author":"De Franchis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib44","first-page":"105","article-title":"Results of experimental endoscopic esophageal varix ligation","volume":"54","author":"Stiegmann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-1-199307010-00001","article-title":"Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices","volume":"119","author":"Laine","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20236","article-title":"Sustained rise of portal pressure after sclerotherapy, but not band ligation, in acute variceal bleeding in cirrhosis","volume":"39","author":"Avgerinos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01211.x","article-title":"The effects of the number of rubber bands placed at each endoscopic session upon variceal outcomes: a prospective, randomized study","volume":"102","author":"Ramirez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20593","article-title":"Pantoprazole reduces the size of postbanding ulcers after variceal band ligation: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Shaheen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0323","article-title":"Endoscopic band ligation in the treatment of portal hypertension","volume":"2","author":"Garcia-pagan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00269-5","article-title":"Emergency sclerotherapy versus vasoactive drugs for variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a Cochrane meta-analysis","volume":"124","author":"D'Amico","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21907","article-title":"Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis","volume":"46","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300222","article-title":"Somatostatin alone or combined with emergency sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding: a prospective randomized trial","volume":"30","author":"Villanueva","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.31354","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment versus endoscopic plus pharmacologic treatment for acute variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Banares","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(91)90867-B","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective randomized trial comparing somatostatin, balloon tamponade and the combination of both methods in the management of acute variceal haemorrhage","volume":"13","author":"Avgerinos","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-944662","article-title":"The use of self-expanding metal stents to treat acute variceal bleeding","volume":"38","author":"Hubmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endoscopy"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S108932611000005X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S108932611000005X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T19:15:32Z","timestamp":1559157332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S108932611000005X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S108932611000005X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2010.03.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-3261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-3261","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}}}