{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T09:22:36Z","timestamp":1760865756971},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,24]],"date-time":"2012-10-24T21:26:40Z","timestamp":1351114000000},"page":"717-736","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Diagnosis and Management of Alcoholic Hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Umair","family":"Sohail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjaya K.","family":"Satapathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1993.tb05673.x","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and alcoholic liver disease: evidence of a threshold level of effects of ethanol","volume":"17","author":"Savolainen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1975.tb19146.x","article-title":"Cirrhosis in the alcoholic and its relation to the volume of alcohol abuse","volume":"252","author":"Lelbach","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040525","article-title":"Epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"8","author":"Grant","year":"1988","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i16.2423","article-title":"Risk factors for alcoholic liver disease in China","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040531","article-title":"Alcoholic hepatitis: clinicopathologic features and therapy","volume":"8","author":"Maddrey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-832937","article-title":"Diagnosis and therapy of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"24","author":"Levitsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(83)90131-2","article-title":"Alcoholic foamy degeneration\u2013a pattern of acute alcoholic injury of the liver","volume":"84","author":"Uchida","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000469062","article-title":"Serum aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio in human and experimental alcoholic liver disease: relationship to histologic changes","volume":"41","author":"Nanji","year":"1989","journal-title":"Enzyme"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01324898","article-title":"The SGOT\/SGPT ratio\u2013an indicator of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.08.035","article-title":"Biomarkers in alcoholism","volume":"377","author":"Niemela","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh074","article-title":"High AST\/ALT ratio may indicate advanced alcoholic liver disease rather than heavy drinking","volume":"39","author":"Nyblom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430170103013","article-title":"Screening for excessive alcohol drinking. Comparative value of carbohydrate- deficient transferrin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and mean corpuscular volume","volume":"155","author":"Yersin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02542.x","article-title":"CDT, GGT, and AST as markers of alcohol use: the WHO\/ISBRA collaborative project","volume":"26","author":"Conigrave","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.8.747","article-title":"Dose response of laboratory markers to alcohol consumption in a general population","volume":"152","author":"Sillanaukee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000128383.34605.16","article-title":"Laboratory markers carbohydrate- deficient transferrin, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and mean corpuscular volume are not useful as screening tools for high-risk drinking in the general population: results from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)","volume":"28","author":"Alte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib16","first-page":"1414","article-title":"Objective diagnosis of alcohol abuse: compared values of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV)","volume":"24","author":"Reynaud","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840040224","article-title":"Prognostic value of total serum bilirubin\/gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase ratio in cirrhotic patients","volume":"4","author":"Poynard","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840050518","article-title":"Prognostic value of serum fibronectin concentration in alcoholic cirrhotic patients","volume":"5","author":"Naveau","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2006.05.005","article-title":"Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) as a marker of alcohol abuse: a critical review of the literature 2001-2005","volume":"841","author":"Bortolotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290326","article-title":"Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, a sensitive marker of chronic alcohol abuse, is highly influenced by body iron","volume":"29","author":"De Feo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1998.00343.x","article-title":"Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin is not a useful marker for the detection of chronic alcohol abuse","volume":"28","author":"Schmitt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000156082.08248.AB","article-title":"Emerging biomarkers: new directions and clinical applications","volume":"29","author":"Wurst","year":"2005","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/26.1.11","article-title":"Preliminary immunochemical test for the determination of ethyl glucuronide in serum and urine: comparison of screening method results with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"26","author":"Zimmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.189639","article-title":"Early features of acute-on-chronic alcoholic liver failure: a prospective cohort study","volume":"59","author":"Katoonizadeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.02.021","article-title":"The role of liver biopsy in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with acute deterioration of alcoholic cirrhosis","volume":"55","author":"Mookerjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-011-1066-1","article-title":"Histopathological diagnosis of non-alcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"458","author":"Tannapfel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90253-2","article-title":"Significance of megamitochondria in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"90","author":"Chedid","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(78)90401-8","article-title":"Corticosteroid therapy of alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"75","author":"Maddrey","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-110-9-685","article-title":"Methylprednisolone therapy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. A randomized multicenter trial","volume":"110","author":"Carithers","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00289-6","article-title":"Corticosteroids improve short-term survival in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis (AH): individual data analysis of the last three randomized placebo controlled double blind trials of corticosteroids in severe AH","volume":"36","author":"Mathurin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00587.x","article-title":"Alcoholic liver disease: proposed recommendations for the American College of Gastroenterology","volume":"93","author":"McCullough","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.22172","article-title":"A\u00a0model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease","volume":"33","author":"Kamath","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-2-2","article-title":"Utility of the Mayo End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score in assessing prognosis of patients with alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"2","author":"Sheth","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20503","article-title":"MELD accurately predicts mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"41","author":"Dunn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.12.022","article-title":"MELD score is a better prognostic model than Child-Turcotte-Pugh score or Discriminant Function score in patients with alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"42","author":"Srikureja","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2003.50031","article-title":"Is the change in MELD score a better indicator of mortality than baseline MELD score?","volume":"9","author":"Kamath","year":"2003","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23258","article-title":"Practice Guideline Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Alcoholic liver disease","volume":"51","author":"O'Shea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.050781","article-title":"Analysis of factors predictive of mortality in alcoholic hepatitis and derivation and validation of the Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score","volume":"54","author":"Forrest","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.099226","article-title":"The Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score\u00a0identifies patients who may benefit from corticosteroids","volume":"56","author":"Forrest","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290639","article-title":"The risk of surgery in patients with liver disease","volume":"29","author":"Friedman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib41","first-page":"93","volume":"49","author":"Jeong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Korean J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198406000-00003","article-title":"Clarification of risk factors for abdominal operations in patients with hepatic cirrhosis","volume":"199","author":"Garrison","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.02104.x","article-title":"A\u00a0new scoring system for prognostic stratification of patients with alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"103","author":"Dominguez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21607","article-title":"The Lille model: a new tool for therapeutic strategy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with steroids","volume":"45","author":"Louvet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0676.2003.01804.x","article-title":"Five-year survival predictive factors in patients with excessive alcohol intake and cirrhosis. Effect of alcoholic hepatitis, smoking and abstinence","volume":"23","author":"Pessione","year":"2003","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90249-3","article-title":"Continued heavy drinking and survival in alcoholic cirrhotics","volume":"80","author":"Borowsky","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.15.1.52","article-title":"Studies in alcoholic liver disease in Britain. I. Clinical and pathological patterns related to natural history","volume":"15","author":"Brunt","year":"1974","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70142-2","article-title":"Effects of ethanol consumption on hepatic hemodynamics in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis","volume":"112","author":"Luca","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(86)80006-X","article-title":"Histological course of alcoholic hepatitis. Influence of abstinence, sex and extent of hepatic damage","volume":"2","author":"Pares","year":"1986","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(68)90111-3","article-title":"Duration of survival in patients with Laennec's cirrhosis. Influence of alcohol withdrawal, and possible effects of recent changes in general management of the disease","volume":"44","author":"Powell","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.14.1318","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: a review of the evidence","volume":"281","author":"Garbutt","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib52","unstructured":"Alcoholic Liver Disease: Robert S, O'Shea, et\u00a0al. The Practice Guideline Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and\u00a0the Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib53","article-title":"Acamprosate for alcohol dependence","author":"R\u00f6sner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.12.010","article-title":"Baclofen promotes alcohol abstinence in alcohol dependent cirrhotic patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection","volume":"37","author":"Leggio","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/0115426506021003245","article-title":"Nutrition in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"21","author":"DiCecco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90776-9","article-title":"Protein-calorie malnutrition associated with alcoholic hepatitis. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Alcoholic Hepatitis","volume":"76","author":"Mendenhall","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90293-A","article-title":"Effect of total enteral nutrition on the short-term outcome of severely malnourished cirrhotics. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"98","author":"Cabre","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91801-A","article-title":"Accelerated improvement of alcoholic liver disease with enteral nutrition","volume":"102","author":"Kearns","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008344.pub2","article-title":"Nutritional support for liver disease","author":"Koretz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6709.1202","article-title":"Effect of a late evening meal on nitrogen balance in patients with cirrhosis of the liver","volume":"299","author":"Swart","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20135","article-title":"Controversies in the management of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"76","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib62","first-page":"443","article-title":"A\u00a0controlled trial of 6-methylprednisolone in acute alcoholic hepatitis. With a note on published results in encephalopathic patients","volume":"69","author":"Shumaker","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199202203260802","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized trial of prednisolone in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"326","author":"Ramond","year":"1992","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-74-3-311","article-title":"Alcoholic hepatitis. Natural history and evaluation of prednisolone therapy","volume":"74","author":"Helman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197106172842404","article-title":"Corticosteroid therapy in severe alcoholic hepatitis. A double-blind drug trial","volume":"284","author":"Porter","year":"1971","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-79-5-625","article-title":"Prednisone therapy of acute alcoholic hepatitis. Report of a controlled trial","volume":"79","author":"Campra","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01072499","article-title":"Adrenocorticosteroid therapy in alcoholic hepatitis. A prospective, double-blind randomized study","volume":"22","author":"Blitzer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90867-7","article-title":"Double-blind controlled trial of prednisolone therapy in patients with severe acute alcoholic hepatitis and spontaneous encephalopathy","volume":"78","author":"Depew","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.23.1.75","article-title":"Controlled trial of methylprednisolone therapy in severe acute alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"23","author":"Theodossi","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(78)90790-4","article-title":"Treatment of alcoholic hepatitis with encephalopathy. Comparison of prednisolone with caloric supplements","volume":"74","author":"Lesesne","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198412063112302","article-title":"Short-term and long-term survival in patients with alcoholic hepatitis treated with oxandrolone and prednisolone","volume":"311","author":"Mendenhall","year":"1984","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-4-299","article-title":"Do corticosteroids reduce mortality from alcoholic hepatitis? A meta-analysis of the randomized trials","volume":"113","author":"Imperiale","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.1.113","article-title":"Glucocorticoids are ineffective in alcoholic hepatitis: a meta-analysis adjusting for confounding variables","volume":"37","author":"Christensen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.224097","article-title":"Corticosteroids improve short-term survival in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis: meta-analysis of individual patient data","volume":"60","author":"Mathurin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03685.x","article-title":"Systematic review: glucocorticosteroids for alcoholic hepatitis\u2013a Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of randomized clinical trials","volume":"27","author":"Rambaldi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200507000-00011","article-title":"Bilirubin response to corticosteroids in severe alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"17","author":"Morris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.09038","article-title":"Early change in bilirubin levels is an important prognostic factor in severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with prednisolone","volume":"38","author":"Mathurin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.8627","article-title":"Short- and long-term outcome of severe alcohol-induced hepatitis treated with steroids or enteral nutrition: a multicenter randomized trial","volume":"32","author":"Cabr\u00e9","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2097-4","article-title":"Corticosteroid Plus Pentoxifylline Is Not Better than Corticosteroid Alone for Improving Survival in Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis (COPE Trial)","volume":"57","author":"Sidhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1101214","article-title":"Glucocorticoids plus N-acetylcysteine in severe alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"365","author":"Nguyen-Khac","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.20189","article-title":"Pentoxifylline improves short-term survival in severe acute alcoholic hepatitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"119","author":"Akriviadis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib82","first-page":"96A","article-title":"Pentoxifylline may prevent renal impairment in severe alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"14","author":"McHutchison","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib83","first-page":"A249","article-title":"Pentoxifylline for the treatment of patients with advanced cirrhosis. A randomized placebo controlled double blind trial","volume":"46","author":"Lebrec","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib84","first-page":"373A","article-title":"Pentoxifylline reduces disease severity and prevents renal impairment in severe acute alcoholic hepatitis: a double blind, placebo controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Sidhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib85","first-page":"A459","article-title":"Role of pentoxifylline in treatment of severe acute alcoholic hepatitis - a randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Paladugu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.1613","article-title":"Pentoxifylline versus prednisolone for severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"De","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007339.pub2","article-title":"Pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis","author":"Whitfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.10.010","article-title":"Early switch to pentoxifylline in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis is inefficient in non-responders to corticosteroids","volume":"48","author":"Louvet","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00230-1","article-title":"Combination of steroids with infliximab or placebo in severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"37","author":"Spahr","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.08.057","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of Etanercept in the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"135","author":"Boetticher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80202-X","article-title":"Metadoxine accelerates fatty liver recovery in alcoholic patients: results of a randomized double-blind, placebo-control trial. Spanish Group for the Study of Alcoholic Fatty Liver","volume":"28","author":"Caballer\u00eda","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(79)80136-5","article-title":"Effect of short-term therapy with propylthiouracil in patients with alcoholic liver disease","volume":"76","author":"Orrego","year":"1979","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80257-6","article-title":"Double-blind, controlled trial of propylthiouracil in patients with severe acute alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"82","author":"Hall\u00e9","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(79)80137-7","article-title":"Thyroid hormones in alcoholic liver disease. Effect of treatment with 6-n-propylthiouracil","volume":"76","author":"Israel","year":"1979","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198806303182602","article-title":"Colchicine in the treatment of cirrhosis of the liver","volume":"318","author":"Kershenobich","year":"1988","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002148.pub2","article-title":"Colchicine for alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver fibrosis and cirrhosis","author":"Rambaldi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840150303","article-title":"Polyunsaturated lecithin prevents acetaldehyde-mediated hepatic collagen accumulation by stimulating collagenase activity in cultured lipocytes","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(94)95023-7","article-title":"Phosphatidylcholine protects against fibrosis and cirrhosis in the baboon","volume":"106","author":"Lieber","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003045.pub2","article-title":"Anabolic-androgenic steroids for alcoholic liver disease","author":"Rambaldi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840150115","article-title":"Treatment of severe alcoholic hepatitis by infusion of insulin and glucagon: a multicenter sequential trial","volume":"15","author":"Trinchet","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840140625","article-title":"Insulin and glucagon infusion in acute alcoholic hepatitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Bird","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80489-1","article-title":"The prognosis of patients with alcoholic liver disease. An international randomized, placebo-controlled trial on the effect of malotilate on survival","volume":"20","author":"Keiding","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R8","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7697","article-title":"Albumin dialysis improves hepatic encephalopathy and decreases circulating phenolic aromatic amino acids in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and severe liver failure","volume":"13","author":"Par\u00e9s","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R108","DOI":"10.1186\/cc4985","article-title":"Effect of the molecular adsorbent recirculating system and Prometheus devices on systemic haemodynamics and vasoactive agents in patients with acute-on-chronic alcoholic liver failure","volume":"10","author":"Laleman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00334-3","article-title":"Extracorporeal liver support with molecular adsorbents recirculating system in patients with severe acute alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"38","author":"Jalan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21235","article-title":"MARS dialysis in decompensated alcoholic liver disease: a single-center experience","volume":"13","author":"Wolff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26S","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000078607.32247.9D","article-title":"Severe alcoholic hepatitis successfully treated by leukocytapheresis: a case report","volume":"27","author":"Tsuji","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.45.1456","article-title":"Severe alcoholic hepatitis with extremely high neutrophil count successfully treated by granulocytapheresis","volume":"45","author":"Okubo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.12.021","article-title":"The place of liver transplantation in the treatment of severe alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"52","author":"Dureja","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agl033","article-title":"Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: a systematic review of psychosocial selection criteria","volume":"41","author":"McCallum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib111","first-page":"307A","article-title":"Early transplantation improves survival of non-responders to steroids in severe alcoholic hepatitis: a challenge to the 6\u00a0month rule of abstinence","volume":"50","author":"Castel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105703","article-title":"Early liver transplantation for severe alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"365","author":"Mathurin","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1089326112000888?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1089326112000888?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T03:24:49Z","timestamp":1594783489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1089326112000888"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1089326112000888"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-3261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-3261","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}}}