{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T04:25:53Z","timestamp":1758860753587},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["mdconsult.com","theclinics.com","liver.theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,6]],"date-time":"2014-09-06T01:15:38Z","timestamp":1409966138000},"page":"957-978","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Intensive Care Unit Management of Patients with Liver Failure"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"M. Shadab","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Todd","family":"Stravitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-42641","article-title":"Acute liver failure in the United States","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.02.010","article-title":"Lessons from look-back in acute liver failure? A single centre experience of 3300 patients","volume":"59","author":"Bernal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840220312","article-title":"Acetaminophen (paracetamol) hepatotoxicity with regular intake of alcohol: analysis of instances of therapeutic misadventure","volume":"22","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib4","first-page":"195","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis presenting as acute liver failure: distinguishing clinical and histological features","volume":"8","author":"Stravitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23937","article-title":"Drug-induced acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study","volume":"52","author":"Reuben","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2008.01.018","article-title":"False positive acetaminophen concentrations in patients with liver injury","volume":"391","author":"Polson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.01.033","article-title":"Measurement of serum acetaminophen-protein adducts in patients with acute liver failure","volume":"130","author":"Davern","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8705","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91388-Q","article-title":"Improved outcome of paracetamol-induced fulminant hepatic failure by late administration of acetylcysteine","volume":"335","author":"Harrison","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21486","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized controlled trial of lamivudine to treat acute hepatitis B","volume":"45","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26678","article-title":"Steroid use in acute liver failure","volume":"59","author":"Karkhanis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.06.006","article-title":"Intravenous N-acetylcysteine improves transplant-free survival in early stage non-acetaminophen acute liver failure","volume":"137","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26001","article-title":"Intravenous N-acetylcysteine in pediatric patients with nonacetaminophen acute liver failure: a placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"57","author":"Squires","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-42643","article-title":"Molecular neurobiology of acute liver failure","volume":"23","author":"Butterworth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290309","article-title":"Cerebral herniation in patients with acute liver failure is correlated with arterial ammonia concentration","volume":"29","author":"Clemmesen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21838","article-title":"Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure","volume":"46","author":"Bernal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e3282eff9ea","article-title":"Hypertonic saline solutions for treatment of intracranial hypertension","volume":"20","author":"Himmelseher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.04.016","article-title":"Treatment of hyperammonemia in liver failure: a tale of two enzymes","volume":"136","author":"Jalan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.12.061","article-title":"L-ornithine phenylacetate (OP): a novel treatment for hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"69","author":"Jalan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4065\/70.2.119","article-title":"Clinical and radiologic features of cerebral edema in fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"70","author":"Wijdicks","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20625","article-title":"Complications and use of intracranial pressure monitoring in patients with acute liver failure and severe encephalopathy","volume":"11","author":"Vaquero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(02)02804-X","article-title":"Propofol to control intracranial pressure in fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"34","author":"Wijdicks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300608","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow during mechanical hyperventilation in patients with fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"30","author":"Strauss","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20056","article-title":"The effect of hypertonic sodium chloride on intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure","volume":"39","author":"Murphy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.23.7.625","article-title":"Controlled trial of dexamethasone and mannitol for the cerebral oedema of fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"23","author":"Canalese","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"7 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S258","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181aa5fb8","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia for acute liver failure","volume":"37","author":"Stravitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.08.005","article-title":"Moderate hypothermia in patients with acute liver failure and uncontrolled intracranial hypertension","volume":"127","author":"Jalan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.34514","article-title":"The clinical importance of adrenal insufficiency in acute hepatic dysfunction","volume":"36","author":"Harry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(78)90142-7","article-title":"Incidence and pathophysiology of pulmonary edema in fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"74","author":"Trewby","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199909000-00004","article-title":"Renal failure in acute liver failure","volume":"11","author":"Moore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib30","first-page":"439","article-title":"Changes in intracranial pressure during machine and continuous haemofiltration","volume":"12","author":"Davenport","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007252","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal infection in acute liver failure","volume":"16","author":"Rolando","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840110110","article-title":"Prospective study of bacterial infection in acute liver failure: an analysis of fifty patients","volume":"11","author":"Rolando","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840170206","article-title":"Prospective controlled trial of selective parenteral and enteral antimicrobial regimen in fulminant liver failure","volume":"17","author":"Rolando","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)01051-5","article-title":"Infection and the progression of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure","volume":"125","author":"Vaquero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.17687","article-title":"The systemic inflammatory response syndrome in acute liver failure","volume":"32","author":"Rolando","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.04.020","article-title":"Minimal effects of acute liver injury\/acute liver failure on hemostasis as assessed by thromboelastography","volume":"56","author":"Stravitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2012.04770.x","article-title":"Intact thrombin generation and decreased fibrinolytic capacity in patients with acute liver injury or acute liver failure","volume":"10","author":"Lisman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26372","article-title":"An unbalance between von Willebrand factor and ADAMTS13 in acute liver failure: Implications for hemostasis and clinical outcome","volume":"58","author":"Hugenholtz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.11.030","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of oral versus intravenous mixed-micellar phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in severe acute liver disease","volume":"42","author":"Pereira","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03018576","article-title":"FVIIa corrects the coagulopathy of fulminant hepatic failure but may be associated with thrombosis: a report of four cases","volume":"52","author":"Pavese","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1073121","article-title":"Assessment of prognosis in acute liver failure","volume":"28","author":"Polson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1073114","article-title":"Etiologies of acute liver failure","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060222","article-title":"Late onset hepatic failure: clinical, serological and histological features","volume":"6","author":"Gimson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)90081-4","article-title":"Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"97","author":"O'Grady","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9306","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07743-7","article-title":"Blood lactate as an early predictor of outcome in paracetamol-induced acute liver failure: a cohort study","volume":"359","author":"Bernal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.35069","article-title":"Serum phosphate is an early predictor of outcome in severe acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"36","author":"Schmidt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160102","article-title":"Intracranial pressure monitoring and liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"16","author":"Lidofsky","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50315","article-title":"The management of ascites in cirrhosis: report on the consensus conference of the international ascites club","volume":"38","author":"Moore","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2011.12.007","article-title":"Management of overt hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"16","author":"Khungar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0901512","article-title":"Management of varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis","volume":"362","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"2010","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.019","article-title":"Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis","volume":"139","author":"Arvaniti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.06.026","article-title":"Acute-on chronic liver failure","volume":"57","author":"Jalan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.042","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis","volume":"144","author":"Moreau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0b013e328344b42d","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure: concept, natural history, and prognosis","volume":"17","author":"Olson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23264","article-title":"Severe sepsis in cirrhosis","volume":"50","author":"Gustot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20236","article-title":"Pathophysiological effects of albumin dialysis in acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled study","volume":"10","author":"Sen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8204","article-title":"Clinical review: scoring systems in the critically ill","volume":"14","author":"Vincent","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066603261991","article-title":"Outcome prediction for critically ill cirrhotic patients: a comparison of APACHE II and Child-Pugh scoring systems","volume":"19","author":"Ho","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.26522","article-title":"Short-term prognosis in critically ill patients with cirrhosis assessed by prognostic scoring systems","volume":"34","author":"Wehler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02842.x","article-title":"Risk factors, sequential organ failure assessment and model for end-stage liver disease scores for predicting short\u00a0term mortality in cirrhotic patients admitted to intensive care unit","volume":"23","author":"Cholongitas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040319","article-title":"Bacterial infections, sepsis, and multiorgan failure in cirrhosis","volume":"28","author":"Tandon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80280-6","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective study of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"18","author":"Caly","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30082","article-title":"Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: epidemiological changes with invasive procedures and norfloxacin prophylaxis","volume":"35","author":"Fernandez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(01)80134-1","article-title":"Bacterial infection in patients with advanced cirrhosis: a multicentre prospective study","volume":"33","author":"Borzio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2006.07.004","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of infections in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"21","author":"Ghassemi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(91)90105-U","article-title":"Liver bacterial clearance following hepatic artery ligation and portacaval shunt","volume":"51","author":"Katz","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Surg Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.10.019","article-title":"Patients with acute on chronic liver failure display \u201csepsis-like\u201d immune paralysis","volume":"42","author":"Wasmuth","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22474","article-title":"Ammonia impairs neutrophil phagocytic function in liver disease","volume":"48","author":"Shawcross","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.04.024","article-title":"Defining acute-on-chronic liver failure: will east and west ever meet?","volume":"144","author":"Bajaj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280504","article-title":"Small intestine dysmotility and bacterial overgrowth in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"28","author":"Chang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2003.10.005","article-title":"Gut microflora in the pathogenesis of the complications of cirrhosis","volume":"18","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(94)80241-6","article-title":"Translocation of gut bacteria in rats with cirrhosis to mesenteric lymph nodes partially explains the pathogenesis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"21","author":"Runyon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.3.1016","article-title":"Cirrhosis as a risk factor for sepsis and death: analysis of the national hospital discharge survey","volume":"124","author":"Foreman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21101","article-title":"Adrenal insufficiency in patients with cirrhosis, severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"43","author":"Tsai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.12.024","article-title":"Low serum concentration of apolipoprotein A-I is\u00a0an indicator of poor prognosis in cirrhotic patients with severe sepsis","volume":"50","author":"Tsai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199206000-00008","article-title":"Septic shock in patients with cirrhosis: hemodynamic and metabolic characteristics and intensive care unit outcome","volume":"20","author":"Moreau","year":"1992","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840120416","article-title":"Norfloxacin prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence in cirrhosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Gines","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.05.004","article-title":"EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis","volume":"53","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2769-8","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012","volume":"39","author":"Dellinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010307","article-title":"Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"345","author":"Rivers","year":"2001","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040232","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit","volume":"350","author":"Finfer","year":"2004","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25931","article-title":"Antimicrobial therapeutic determinants of outcomes from septic shock among patients with cirrhosis","volume":"56","author":"Arabi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31817603ba","article-title":"Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine","volume":"36","author":"Marik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa071366","article-title":"Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock","volume":"358","author":"Sprung","year":"2008","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21352","article-title":"Adrenal insufficiency in patients with cirrhosis and septic shock: effect of treatment with hydrocortisone on survival","volume":"44","author":"Fernandez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090707","article-title":"Low-dose hydrocortisone in patients with cirrhosis and septic shock: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"182","author":"Arabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907118","article-title":"Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock","volume":"362","author":"De Backer","year":"2010","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.05908.x","article-title":"RIFLE classification as predictive factor of mortality in patients with cirrhosis admitted to intensive care unit","volume":"24","author":"Cholongitas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-2842-7","article-title":"The attributable mortality of acute renal failure in critically ill patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"31","author":"du Cheyron","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.09.024","article-title":"Renal failure in patients with cirrhosis and sepsis unrelated to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: value of MELD score","volume":"129","author":"Terra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.27830","article-title":"Renal failure after upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis: incidence, clinical course, predictive factors, and short-term prognosis","volume":"34","author":"Cardenas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90031-7","article-title":"Incidence, predictive factors, and prognosis of the hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis with ascites","volume":"105","author":"Gines","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510230122","article-title":"Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International ascites club","volume":"23","author":"Arroyo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0809139","article-title":"Renal failure in cirrhosis","volume":"361","author":"Gines","year":"2009","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R204","DOI":"10.1186\/cc2872","article-title":"Acute renal failure - definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) group","volume":"8","author":"Bellomo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1678-y","article-title":"Prevention of acute kidney injury and protection of renal function in the intensive care unit. Expert opinion of the working group for nephrology, ESICM","volume":"36","author":"Joannidis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.236133","article-title":"Working party proposal for a revised classification system of renal dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"60","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.08.051","article-title":"New consensus definition of acute kidney injury accurately predicts 30-day mortality in patients with cirrhosis and infection","volume":"145","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040323","article-title":"Pathogenesis and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Arroyo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm744","article-title":"A\u00a0multi-centre evaluation of the RIFLE criteria for early acute kidney injury in critically ill patients","volume":"23","author":"Bagshaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.02.014","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of terlipressin for type 1 hepatorenal syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Sanyal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.02.024","article-title":"Terlipressin and albumin vs albumin in patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized study","volume":"134","author":"Martin-Llahi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.01828.x","article-title":"An open label, pilot, randomized controlled trial of noradrenaline versus terlipressin in the treatment of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome and predictors of response","volume":"103","author":"Sharma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.04.010","article-title":"Noradrenalin vs terlipressin in patients with hepatorenal syndrome: a prospective, randomized, unblinded, pilot study","volume":"47","author":"Alessandria","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3283417567","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy: from pathophysiology to therapeutic management","volume":"23","author":"Bismuth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03964.x","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"96","author":"Blei","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04211.x","article-title":"Review article: the modern management of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"31","author":"Bajaj","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00350-1","article-title":"Comparison of rifaximin and lactitol in the treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy: results of a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, controlled clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"Mas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907893","article-title":"Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"362","author":"Bass","year":"2010","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280212","article-title":"Flumazenil for hepatic encephalopathy grade III and IVa in patients with cirrhosis: an Italian multicenter double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study","volume":"28","author":"Barbaro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21930","article-title":"Randomized controlled study of\u00a0extracorporeal albumin dialysis for hepatic encephalopathy in advanced cirrhosis","volume":"46","author":"Hassanein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36130","article-title":"Albumin dialysis in cirrhosis with superimposed acute liver injury: a prospective, controlled study","volume":"36","author":"Heemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.06.023","article-title":"Sub-clinical hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients is not aggravated by sedation with propofol compared to midazolam: a randomized controlled study","volume":"54","author":"Khamaysi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20339","article-title":"Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the past two decades","volume":"40","author":"Carbonell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.06.004","article-title":"Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension","volume":"53","author":"de Franchis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90390-2","article-title":"Splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics in portal hypertensive rats during hemorrhage and blood volume restitution","volume":"90","author":"Kravetz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.23437","article-title":"Effects of blood volume restitution following a portal hypertensive-related bleeding in anesthetized cirrhotic rats","volume":"33","author":"Castaneda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.07.015","article-title":"Recombinant factor VIIa for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized, double-blind trial","volume":"127","author":"Bosch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01356.x","article-title":"Systematic review: terlipressin in acute oesophageal variceal haemorrhage","volume":"17","author":"Ioannou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007133","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension: an evidence-based approach","volume":"19","author":"D'Amico","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v112.pm9024301","article-title":"Primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"112","author":"Teran","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8979","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92708-5","article-title":"Early administration of terlipressin plus glyceryl trinitrate to control active upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotic patients","volume":"346","author":"Levacher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0323","article-title":"Endoscopic band ligation in the treatment of portal hypertension","volume":"2","author":"Garcia-Pagan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.24116","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective, randomized trial of butyl cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation in the management of bleeding gastric varices","volume":"33","author":"Lo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290608","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Bernard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90146-9","article-title":"Prognostic significance of bacterial infection in bleeding cirrhotic patients: a prospective study","volume":"108","author":"Bernard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270504","article-title":"Bacterial infection is independently associated with failure to control bleeding in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage","volume":"27","author":"Goulis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002907","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding","author":"Soares-Weiser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002907.pub2","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding","author":"Chavez-Tapia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00185-4","article-title":"Salvage transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for uncontrolled variceal bleeding in patients with decompensated cirrhosis","volume":"35","author":"Azoulay","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.08.020","article-title":"Use of early-TIPS for high-risk variceal bleeding: results of a post-RCT surveillance study","volume":"58","author":"Garcia-Pag\u00e1n","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200105000-00011","article-title":"Treatment of refractory hepatic hydrothorax with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: long-term results in 40\u00a0patients","volume":"13","author":"Siegerstetter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.193227","article-title":"TIPS for the treatment of refractory ascites, hepatorenal syndrome and hepatic hydrothorax: a critical update","volume":"59","author":"Rossle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040593","article-title":"Fulminant and subfulminant liver failure: definitions and causes","volume":"6","author":"Bernuau","year":"1986","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.1.98","article-title":"Coagulation factor V and VIII\/V ratio as predictors of outcome in paracetamol induced fulminant hepatic failure: relation to other prognostic indicators","volume":"33","author":"Pereira","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840180614","article-title":"The role of transjugular liver biopsy in fulminant liver failure: relation to other prognostic indicators","volume":"18","author":"Donaldson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23370","article-title":"Comparison of the sequential organ failure assessment score with the king's college hospital criteria and the model for end-stage liver disease score for the prognosis of acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure","volume":"18","author":"Cholongitas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181f3dea9","article-title":"Cirrhotic patients in the medical intensive care\u00a0unit: early prognosis and long-term survival","volume":"38","author":"Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib139","first-page":"1474","article-title":"Short-term and long-term vital outcomes of cirrhotic patients admitted to an intensive care unit","volume":"22","author":"Filloux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2008.12.013","article-title":"Outcome of patients with liver cirrhosis admitted to a specialty liver intensive care unit in India","volume":"24","author":"Juneja","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.06.024","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of the prognostic scores for cirrhotic patients admitted to an intensive care unit","volume":"56","author":"Levesque","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31465-6","article-title":"Prognostic markers in cirrhotic patients requiring intensive care: a comparative prospective study","volume":"11","author":"Olmez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2346-x","article-title":"Does intubation really equal death in cirrhotic patients? Factors influencing outcome in patients with liver cirrhosis requiring mechanical ventilation","volume":"30","author":"Rabe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e31822fb7e2","article-title":"Outcome scoring systems for short-term prognosis in critically ill cirrhotic patients","volume":"36","author":"Tu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Shock"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1089326114000683?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1089326114000683?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T14:39:45Z","timestamp":1565793585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1089326114000683"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1089326114000683"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-3261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-3261","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Intensive Care Unit Management of Patients with Liver Failure","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Liver Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2014.07.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}