{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T14:56:50Z","timestamp":1761663410901},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","liver.theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,18]],"date-time":"2015-07-18T01:36:31Z","timestamp":1437183391000},"page":"507-528","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The Role of Sarcopenia and Frailty in Hepatic Encephalopathy Management"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Lucero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Verna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2013.4823","article-title":"Morphometric age and mortality after liver transplant","volume":"149","author":"Waits","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2010.03.039","article-title":"Sarcopenia and mortality after liver transplantation","volume":"211","author":"Englesbe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12221","article-title":"Impact of sarcopenia on survival in patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Kaido","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23970","article-title":"Impact of quality as well as quantity of skeletal muscle on outcomes after liver transplantation","volume":"20","author":"Hamaguchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23495","article-title":"Severe muscle depletion in patients on the liver transplant wait list: its prevalence and independent prognostic value","volume":"18","author":"Tandon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12762","article-title":"Frailty predicts waitlist mortality in liver transplant candidates","volume":"14","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.3609","article-title":"Minimal hepatic encephalopathy matters in daily life","volume":"14","author":"Bajaj","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib8","series-title":"Sherlock\u2019s diseases of the liver and biliary system","first-page":"121","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis","author":"Morgan","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2011.12.009","article-title":"Malnutrition in cirrhosis: contribution and consequences of sarcopenia on metabolic and clinical responses","volume":"16","author":"Periyalwar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23811","article-title":"Sarcopenia is a prognostic factor in living donor liver transplantation","volume":"20","author":"Masuda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on sarcopenia in older people","volume":"39","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1159\/000211949","article-title":"Frailty syndrome: a transitional state in a dynamic process","volume":"55","author":"Lang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-012-9365-z","article-title":"Muscle depletion increases the risk of overt and minimal hepatic encephalopathy: results of a prospective study","volume":"28","author":"Merli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250327","article-title":"Identification of high- and low-risk patients before liver transplantation: a prospective cohort study of nutritional and metabolic parameters in 150 patients","volume":"25","author":"Selberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.08.016","article-title":"Prevalence and mechanisms of malnutrition in patients with advanced liver disease, and nutrition management strategies","volume":"10","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.5.1257","article-title":"Body composition, muscle function, and energy expenditure in patients with liver cirrhosis: a comprehensive study","volume":"85","author":"Peng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318293a825","article-title":"Sarcopenia as a prognostic index of nutritional status in concurrent cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"47","author":"Meza-Junco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.08.028","article-title":"Muscle wasting is associated with mortality in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"10","author":"Montano-Loza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.04.001","article-title":"Changes in adipokines after transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt indicate an anabolic shift in metabolism","volume":"31","author":"Thomsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2000.9736","article-title":"Utility of standard nutritional parameters in detecting body cell mass depletion in patients with end-stage liver disease","volume":"6","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000274","article-title":"Sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis: the role of computed tomography scan for the assessment of muscle mass compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and anthropometry","volume":"27","author":"Giusto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32834aa4bb","article-title":"Protein energy malnutrition predicts complications in liver cirrhosis","volume":"23","author":"Huisman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2010.01.028","article-title":"Frailty as a predictor of surgical outcomes in older patients","volume":"210","author":"Makary","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.2.M85","article-title":"A\u00a0short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission","volume":"49","author":"Guralnik","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gerontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/25.5.386","article-title":"Evidence for a non-linear relationship between leg strength and gait speed","volume":"25","author":"Buchner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200108270-00018","article-title":"Malnutrition in liver transplant patients: preoperative subjective global assessment is predictive of outcome after liver transplantation","volume":"72","author":"Stephenson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8061","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i25.8061","article-title":"Clinical relevance of sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"20","author":"Montano-Loza","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00745.x","article-title":"Research agenda for frailty in older adults: toward a better understanding of physiology and etiology: summary from the American Geriatrics Society\/National Institute on Aging Research Conference on Frailty in Older Adults","volume":"54","author":"Walston","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2007.113","article-title":"Comparison of 2 frailty indexes for prediction of falls, disability, fractures, and death in older women","volume":"168","author":"Ensrud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050051","article-title":"A\u00a0global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people","volume":"173","author":"Rockwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02137.x","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of frailty indexes for the prediction of falls, disability, fractures and mortality in older men","volume":"57","author":"Ensrud","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu258","article-title":"Frailty in people aging with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection","volume":"210","author":"Brothers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12992","article-title":"Frailty and mortality in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"15","author":"McAdams-DeMarco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"S3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-201407151-02532","article-title":"Frailty, physical performance, and sarcopenia measures in patients awaiting liver transplantation predict mortality and post-operative complications","volume":"14","author":"Verna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.11.002","article-title":"Muscle and mortality in cirrhosis","volume":"10","author":"Kachaamy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05369.x","article-title":"Malnutrition in end stage liver disease: recommendations and nutritional support","volume":"23","author":"Tsiaousi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12273","article-title":"Association between chronic hepatitis C virus infection and low muscle mass in US adults","volume":"21","author":"Gowda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2011.06951.x","article-title":"Late evening snack: exploiting a period of anabolic opportunity in cirrhosis","volume":"27","author":"Tsien","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24641","article-title":"An update on treatment of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C virus infection: 2011 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"54","author":"Ghany","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2010.02302.x","article-title":"Interorgan ammonia metabolism in liver failure: the basis of current and future therapies","volume":"31","author":"Wright","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01464.x","article-title":"Heterogeneous distribution of glutamine synthetase parenchymal cells in situ and in primary culture","volume":"2","author":"Gebhardt","year":"1983","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2007.01562.x","article-title":"Malnutrition and diabetes mellitus are related to hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"27","author":"Kalaitzakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.03.021","article-title":"Intestinal glutaminase activity is increased in liver cirrhosis and correlates with minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"41","author":"Romero-G\u00f3mez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.7.1041","article-title":"Enhanced renal ammonia excretion following volume expansion in patients with well compensated cirrhosis of the liver","volume":"52","author":"Jalan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104039","article-title":"The kidney as a source of blood ammonia in patients with liver disease: the effect of acetazolamide","volume":"39","author":"Owen","year":"1960","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50221","article-title":"The kidney plays a major role in the hyperammonemia seen after simulated or actual GI bleeding in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"37","author":"Olde Damink","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36497","article-title":"Interorgan ammonia and amino acid metabolism in metabolically stable patients with cirrhosis and a TIPSS","volume":"36","author":"Olde Damink","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(76)90075-5","article-title":"Muscle nitrogen metabolism in chronic hepatic insufficiency","volume":"25","author":"Ganda","year":"1976","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195512292532602","article-title":"Uptake of ammonia by muscle; its implications in ammoniagenic coma","volume":"253","author":"Bessman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)35245-X","article-title":"The relative role of extremity, liver, and kidney as ammonia receivers and donors in patients with liver disease","volume":"39","author":"Tyor","year":"1960","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103111","article-title":"The cerebral and peripheral uptake of ammonia in liver disease with an hypothesis for the mechanism of coma","volume":"34","author":"Bessman","year":"1954","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1317049110","article-title":"Hyperammonemia in cirrhosis induces transcriptional regulation of myostatin by an NF-\u03baB-mediated mechanism","volume":"110","author":"Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U\u00a0S\u00a0A"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E983","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00183.2012","article-title":"Hyperammonemia-mediated autophagy in skeletal muscle contributes to sarcopenia of cirrhosis","volume":"303","author":"Qiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05222.x","article-title":"Malnutrition and hypermetabolism are not risk factors for the presence of hepatic encephalopathy: a cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"S\u00f6r\u00f6s","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23863","article-title":"Severe muscle depletion predicts postoperative length of stay but is not associated with survival after liver transplantation","volume":"20","author":"Montano-Loza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510230516","article-title":"Does malnutrition affect survival in cirrhosis?","volume":"23","author":"Merli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.07.005","article-title":"Sarcopenia impairs prognosis of patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"31","author":"Hanai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2014.29.9.1253","article-title":"Sarcopenia as a useful predictor for long-term mortality in cirrhotic patients with ascites","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.02.026","article-title":"Prognostic value of muscle atrophy in cirrhosis using psoas muscle thickness on computed tomography","volume":"60","author":"Durand","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2009.02135.x","article-title":"Nutritional status: its influence on the outcome of patients undergoing liver transplantation","volume":"30","author":"Merli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7286","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i23.7286","article-title":"Nutrition and exercise in the management of liver cirrhosis","volume":"20","author":"Toshikuni","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22367","article-title":"Nocturnal nutritional supplementation improves total body protein status of patients with liver cirrhosis: a randomized 12-month trial","volume":"48","author":"Plank","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib64","first-page":"454","article-title":"Portal-systemic encephalopathy neurological complications of liver disease","volume":"267","author":"Sherlock","year":"1954","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/26.9.916","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of various amino acids upon the blood ammonia concentration patients with liver disease","volume":"26","author":"Rudman","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0750101","article-title":"Elevated protein requirements in cirrhosis of the liver investigated by whole body protein turnover studies","volume":"75","author":"Swart","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19970024","article-title":"Effect of long-term refeeding on protein metabolism in patients with cirrhosis of the liver","volume":"77","author":"Kondrup","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2006.01.018","article-title":"ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: liver disease","volume":"25","author":"Plauth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27210","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver","volume":"60","author":"Vilstrup","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib70","first-page":"231","article-title":"Improvement of hepatic encephalopathy using a modified high-calorie high-protein diet","volume":"14","author":"Gheorghe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rom J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008344.pub2","article-title":"Nutritional support for liver disease","author":"Koretz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib72","first-page":"615","article-title":"Nutritional support in hospitalized patients with alcoholic liver disease","volume":"43","author":"Bunout","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib73","first-page":"191","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized controlled trial of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-enriched elemental diet (ED-H) for hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"6","author":"Hayashi","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-008-9127-0","article-title":"Dietary and nutritional indications in hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"24","author":"Merli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-013-9377-3","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids and muscle ammonia detoxification in cirrhosis","volume":"28","author":"Dam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2013.01.022","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids and ammonia metabolism in liver disease: therapeutic implications","volume":"29","author":"Holecek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(05)00017-0","article-title":"Effects of oral branched-chain amino acid granules on event-free survival in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"3","author":"Muto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00323-8","article-title":"Nutritional supplementation with branched-chain amino acids in advanced cirrhosis: a double-blind, randomized trial","volume":"124","author":"Marchesini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib79","first-page":"1263","article-title":"Oral branched-chain amino acids have a beneficial effect on manifestations of hepatic encephalopathy in a systematic review with meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials","volume":"143","author":"Gluud","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26611","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, controlled study of glycerol phenylbutyrate in hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"59","author":"Rockey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250609","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of l-ornithine-l-aspartate infusions in patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy: results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study","volume":"25","author":"Kircheis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1024","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00244.2014","article-title":"L-Ornithine phenylacetate reduces ammonia in pigs with acute liver failure through phenylacetylglycine formation: a novel ammonia-lowering pathway","volume":"307","author":"Kristiansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22917","article-title":"L-ornithine phenylacetate attenuates increased arterial and extracellular brain ammonia and prevents intracranial hypertension in pigs with acute liver failure","volume":"50","author":"Ytreb\u00f8","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318299c789","article-title":"Safety of ornithine phenylacetate in cirrhotic decompensated patients: an open-label, dose-escalating, single-cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Ventura-Cots","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181eac1c9","article-title":"Brief-reports: elevated myostatin levels in patients with liver disease: a potential contributor to skeletal muscle wasting","volume":"111","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.08.032","article-title":"Sarcopenia associated with portosystemic shunting is reversed by follistatin","volume":"54","author":"Dasarathy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2003.10.011","article-title":"Weight gain after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is associated with improvement in body composition in malnourished patients with cirrhosis and hypermetabolism","volume":"40","author":"Plauth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e328359a759","article-title":"Reversal of sarcopenia predicts survival after a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent","volume":"25","author":"Tsien","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3086-6","article-title":"Randomized pilot study: effects of an exercise programme and leucine supplementation in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"59","author":"Rom\u00e1n","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1089326115000355?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1089326115000355?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T02:05:40Z","timestamp":1717985140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1089326115000355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1089326115000355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-3261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-3261","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Role of Sarcopenia and Frailty in Hepatic Encephalopathy Management","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Liver Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2015.04.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}