{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T06:49:18Z","timestamp":1773211758221,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","liver.theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,20]],"date-time":"2016-02-20T07:09:12Z","timestamp":1455952152000},"page":"245-262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Berk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Verna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(24)00530-5","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease","volume":"55","author":"Ludwig","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90183-7","article-title":"Alcohol-like liver disease in non-alcoholics","volume":"95","author":"Diehl","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00289-2","article-title":"Fatty liver disease in morbid obesity","volume":"16","author":"Clain","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.04.001","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American Gastroenterological Association, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, and American College of Gastroenterology","volume":"142","author":"Chalasani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1562942","article-title":"Diagnosis and assessment of NAFLD: definitions and histopathological classification","volume":"35","author":"Burt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.01.016","article-title":"From the metabolic syndrome to NAFLD or vice versa","volume":"42","author":"Vanni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1562943","article-title":"Epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"35","author":"Satapathy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1562944","article-title":"Systemic complications of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: when the liver is not an innocent bystander","volume":"35","author":"Vanni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665110000030","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the hepatic consequence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.34","article-title":"NAFLD in Asia\u2013as common and as important as in the West","volume":"10","author":"Farrell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.171","article-title":"The global NAFLD epidemic","volume":"10","author":"Loomba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001324","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001324","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis identifies variants associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease that have distinct effects on metabolic traits","volume":"7","author":"Speliotes","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib13","first-page":"270","article-title":"The genetics of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; spotlight on PNPLA3 & TM6SF2","volume":"35","author":"Anstee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840110114","article-title":"The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years","volume":"11","author":"Powell","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840220616","article-title":"The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver: a follow-up study","volume":"22","author":"Teli","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07659.x","article-title":"The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a clinical histopathological study","volume":"98","author":"Harrison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib17","first-page":"820","article-title":"Natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a longitudinal study of repeat liver biopsies","volume":"40","author":"Fassio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.09.012","article-title":"The histological course of nonalcoholic fatty liver: a longitudinal study of 103 patients with sequential liver biopsies","volume":"42","author":"Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21327","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes","volume":"44","author":"Ekstedt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21346","article-title":"Correlation of paired liver biopsies in morbidly obese patients with suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"44","author":"Merriman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.205088","article-title":"Disease progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective study with paired liver biopsies at 3 years","volume":"59","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.04.027","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of follow-up biopsies reveals disease progression in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver","volume":"59","author":"Pais","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.11.034","article-title":"Evidence of NAFLD progression from steatosis to fibrosing-steatohepatitis using paired biopsies: implications for prognosis and clinical management","volume":"62","author":"McPherson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.04.014","article-title":"Fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver vs. nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of paired-biopsy studies","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.11.024","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and fibrosis progression: the Good, the Bad, and the Unknown","volume":"13","author":"Harrison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12046","article-title":"Review article: is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease a spectrum, or are steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis distinct conditions?","volume":"36","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11901-014-0227-5","article-title":"Hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis: are they really two distinct entities?","volume":"13","author":"Fielding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Hepatol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00434.2009","article-title":"Increased insulin- and leptin-regulated fatty acid uptake plays a key causal role in hepatic steatosis in mice with intact leptin signaling, but not in those lacking leptin or its receptor","volume":"299","author":"Ge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2010.010095","article-title":"Digital analysis of hepatic sections accurately quantitates triglycerides and selected properties of lipid droplets","volume":"235","author":"Ge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib30","first-page":"205648","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte triglyceride accumulation and reduced ventricular function occurs in mice with obesity and hepatic steatosis from many causes and reflects increased long chain fatty acid uptake and de novo fatty acid synthesis","volume":"2012","author":"Ge","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obes"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.10.3086","article-title":"Hepatocellular influx of [14C]oleate reflects membrane transport rather than intracellular metabolism or binding","volume":"83","author":"Stremmel","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U\u00a0S\u00a0A"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.2.359","article-title":"Uptake of oleate by isolated rat adipocytes is mediated by a 40-kDa plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein closely related to that in liver and gut","volume":"85","author":"Schwieterman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U\u00a0S\u00a0A"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80661-0","article-title":"Characteristics of oleate binding to liver plasma membranes and its uptake by isolated hepatocytes","volume":"16","author":"Stump","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006832001033","article-title":"Mechanisms of cellular uptake of long chain free fatty acids","volume":"192","author":"Berk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)31159-7","article-title":"Oleic acid uptake and binding by rat adipocytes define dual pathways for cellular fatty acid uptake","volume":"42","author":"Stump","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Lipid Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)32386-5","article-title":"Transport of heptafluorostearate across model membranes: membrane transport of long-chain fatty acid anions","volume":"41","author":"Schmider","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Lipid Res"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)47247-4","article-title":"Permeation of long-chain fatty acid into adipocytes: kinetics, specificity, and evidence for involvement of a membrane protein","volume":"259","author":"Abumrad","year":"1984","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113899","article-title":"Hepatic oleate uptake: electrochemical driving forces in intact rat liver","volume":"83","author":"Weisiger","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-3278(97)90413-0","article-title":"Role of membrane-associated and cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins in cellular fatty acid metabolism","volume":"57","author":"Glatz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1139\/h00-026","article-title":"Fatty acid transport proteins facilitate fatty acid uptake in skeletal muscle","volume":"25","author":"Luiken","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35775","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M403630200","article-title":"Fatty acid transport in adipocytes monitored by imaging intracellular free fatty acid levels","volume":"279","author":"Kampf","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2004.07.010","article-title":"Transport of 13C-oleate in adipocytes measured using multi imaging mass spectrometry","volume":"15","author":"Kleinfeld","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Soc Mass Spectrom"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.1.4","article-title":"Isolation and partial characterization of a fatty acid binding protein in rat liver plasma membranes","volume":"82","author":"Stremmel","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U\u00a0S\u00a0A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-2558(03)33004-8","article-title":"Cellular uptake of long chain free fatty acids: the structure and function of plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein","volume":"33","author":"Bradbury","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)46753-6","article-title":"Cloning of a rat adipocyte membrane protein implicated in binding or transport of long-chain fatty acids that is induced during preadipocyte differentiation: homology with human CD36","volume":"268","author":"Abumrad","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90252-6","article-title":"Expression cloning and characterization of a novel adipocyte long chain fatty acid transport protein","volume":"79","author":"Schaffer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(01)00427-1","article-title":"Fatty acid transport proteins: a current view of a growing family","volume":"12","author":"Stahl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.0123","article-title":"Identification of caveolin-1 as a fatty acid binding protein","volume":"255","author":"Trigatti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M100404-JLR200","article-title":"Uptake of long-chain fatty acids in HepG2 cells involves caveolae: analysis of a novel pathway","volume":"43","author":"Pohl","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Lipid Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1207","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00259.2007","article-title":"Free fatty acid transport across adipocytes is mediated by an unknown membrane protein pump","volume":"293","author":"Kampf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00011.2006","article-title":"Is membrane transport of FFA mediated by lipid, protein, or both? An unknown protein mediates free fatty acid transport across the adipocyte plasma membrane","volume":"22","author":"Kampf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiology (Bethesda)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.9.3484","article-title":"Plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein and mitochondrial glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase of rat liver are related","volume":"87","author":"Berk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U\u00a0S\u00a0A"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2011.07.034","article-title":"Molecular modeling and functional confirmation of a predicted fatty acid binding site in mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase","volume":"412","author":"Bradbury","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7827(97)00004-0","article-title":"Fatty acid activation","volume":"36","author":"Watkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-008-0003-3","article-title":"Acyl-CoA synthetases: fatty acid uptake and metabolic channeling","volume":"326","author":"Digel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43008","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M306575200","article-title":"Characterization of the acyl-CoA synthetase activity of purified murine fatty acid transport protein 1","volume":"278","author":"Hall","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11948","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M412629200","article-title":"Enzymatic properties of purified murine fatty acid transport protein 4 and analysis of acyl CoA synthetase activities in tissues from FATP4 null mice","volume":"280","author":"Hall","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4544","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.67.3.454-472.2003","article-title":"Transmembrane movement of exogenous long-chain fatty acids: proteins, enzymes, and vectorial esterification","volume":"67","author":"Black","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200406000-00011","article-title":"Regulation of fatty acid transport","volume":"15","author":"Kalant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-249763","article-title":"Plasma membrane phospholipase A2 controls hepatocellular fatty acid uptake and is responsive to pharmacologic modulation: implications for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"28","author":"Stremmel","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8830","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.13.8830","article-title":"Uptake of long chain free fatty acids is selectively up-regulated in adipocytes of Zucker rats with genetic obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"272","author":"Berk","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5251","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5251.994","article-title":"Phenotypes of mouse diabetes and rat fatty due to mutations in the OB (leptin) receptor","volume":"271","author":"Chua","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399810666140508121012","article-title":"Leptin- and leptin receptor-deficient rodent models: relevance for human type 2 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574832","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/574832","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a search for factual animal models","volume":"2015","author":"Sanches","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28626","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.40.28626","article-title":"Selective up-regulation of fatty acid uptake by adipocytes characterizes both genetic and diet-induced obesity in rodents","volume":"274","author":"Berk","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802868","article-title":"Long-chain fatty acid uptake is upregulated in omental adipocytes from patients undergoing bariatric surgery for obesity","volume":"29","author":"Petrescu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21249","article-title":"Facilitated long chain fatty acid uptake by adipocytes remains upregulated relative to BMI for more than a year after major bariatric surgical weight loss","volume":"24","author":"Ge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib68","first-page":"2707","article-title":"Leptin and insulin modulate nutrient partitioning and weight loss in ob\/ob mice through regulation of long-chain fatty acid uptake by adipocytes","volume":"133","author":"Fan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib69","first-page":"250","article-title":"Fatty acid and glucose sensors in hepatic lipid metabolism: implications for NAFLD","volume":"35","author":"Vacca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200306000-00008","article-title":"Lipotoxicity: when tissues overeat","volume":"14","author":"Schaffer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2004.04.005","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in hepatic steatosis","volume":"8","author":"Bradbury","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"6566","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/379632a0","article-title":"Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice","volume":"379","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0596-18","article-title":"Leptin receptor missense mutation in the fatty Zucker rat","volume":"13","author":"Phillips","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"6505","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/372425a0","article-title":"Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R581","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00755.2010","article-title":"Biology's response to dieting: the impetus for weight regain","volume":"301","author":"Maclean","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib76","first-page":"210524","article-title":"Mechanisms of weight regain following weight loss","volume":"2013","author":"Blomain","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Obes"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.59","article-title":"Physiological adaptations to weight loss and factors favouring weight regain","volume":"39","author":"Greenway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib78","first-page":"2416","article-title":"Weight change and health outcomes at 3 years after bariatric surgery among individuals with severe obesity","volume":"310","author":"Courcoulas","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5629","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008553200","article-title":"Liporegulation in diet induced obesity: the antisteatotic role of hyperleptinemia","volume":"276","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.53.082901.104057","article-title":"Lipotoxic diseases","volume":"53","author":"Unger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.65.092101.142622","article-title":"The physiology of cellular liporegulation","volume":"65","author":"Unger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"5223","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7624777","article-title":"Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene","volume":"269","author":"Halaas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5223","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7624776","article-title":"Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob\/ob mice","volume":"269","author":"Pelleymounter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5223","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7624778","article-title":"Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks","volume":"269","author":"Campfield","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(96)01477-9","article-title":"Is leptin an insulin counter-regulatory hormone?","volume":"402","author":"Remesar","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100707","article-title":"Mechanisms of leptin action and leptin resistance","volume":"70","author":"Myers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.04.004","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms associated with leptin resistance: n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids induce alterations in the tight junction of the brain","volume":"1","author":"Oh-I","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14890","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M010286200","article-title":"Palmitate-induced apoptosis can occur through a ceramide-independent pathway","volume":"276","author":"Listenberger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0590","article-title":"Diseases of liporegulation: new perspective on obesity and related disorders","volume":"15","author":"Unger","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5159","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0870","article-title":"Minireview: weapons of lean body mass destruction\u2014the role of ectopic lipids in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"144","author":"Unger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6748","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/43448","article-title":"Leptin reverses insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in mice with congenital lipodystrophy","volume":"401","author":"Shimomura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.5755407","article-title":"Identification of novel peptide hormones in the human proteome by hidden Markov model screening","volume":"17","author":"Mirabeau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20725","article-title":"Spexin is a novel human peptide that reduces adipocyte uptake of long chain fatty acids and causes weight loss in rodents with diet-induced obesity","volume":"22","author":"Walewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2004.04.007","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in individuals with severe obesity","volume":"8","author":"Haynes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270423","article-title":"Ethanol up-regulates fatty acid uptake and plasma membrane expression and export of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase in HepG2 cells","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib96","first-page":"335","article-title":"Increased hepatocellular uptake of long chain fatty acids occurs by different mechanisms in fatty livers due to obesity or excess ethanol use, contributing to development of steatohepatitis in both settings","volume":"116","author":"Berk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.07.056","article-title":"Pathological features of fatty liver disease","volume":"147","author":"Yeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1371083","article-title":"Hepatic pathology among patients without known liver disease undergoing bariatric surgery: observations and a perspective from the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS) study","volume":"34","author":"Kleiner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23784","article-title":"Clinical, laboratory and histological associations in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"52","author":"Neuschwander-Tetri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70599-2","article-title":"Steatohepatitis: a tale of two \u201chits\u201d?","volume":"114","author":"Day","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.01039.x","article-title":"Noninvasive indices of fibrosis in NAFLD: starting to think about a three-hit (at least) phenomenon","volume":"102","author":"Charlton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3 Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib102","first-page":"S17","article-title":"Pathophysiology of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"40","author":"McCullough","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.12.029","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of alcohol- and obesity-induced fatty liver diseases","volume":"44","author":"Mantena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1091980","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of lipotoxicity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"28","author":"Mahli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1091981","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease and progression in NAFLD","volume":"28","author":"Diehl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.34168","article-title":"Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"123","author":"Bugianesi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1562949","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma \u2013 a problem of growing magnitude","volume":"35","author":"Pocha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1306424","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and noncirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma: fertile soil","volume":"32","author":"Torres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1586\/17474124.2015.1056156","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of liver lipid metabolism","volume":"9","author":"Ponziani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1562950","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease management: dietary and lifestyle modifications","volume":"35","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1562951","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"35","author":"Gawrieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-015-0437-3","article-title":"Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: limited available treatment options but promising drugs in development and recent progress towards a regulatory approval pathway","volume":"75","author":"Filozof","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3777","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i13.3777","article-title":"Current pharmacological therapies for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"21","author":"Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S108932611500104X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S108932611500104X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T13:03:12Z","timestamp":1748782992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S108932611500104X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S108932611500104X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-3261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-3261","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Liver Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}