{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T09:28:37Z","timestamp":1773221317030,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]],"date-time":"2019-02-25T23:25:47Z","timestamp":1551137147000},"page":"191-208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Hepatic Complications of Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Mahfouz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andres F.","family":"Carrion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00947.x","article-title":"Abnormal hepatic biochemistries in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"102","author":"Mendes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20160","article-title":"Liver injury in inflammatory bowel disease: long-term follow-up study of 786 patients","volume":"13","author":"Gisbert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-933561","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer","volume":"26","author":"Broome","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7327","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i42.7327","article-title":"Hepatobiliary manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease: the gut, the drugs and the liver","volume":"19","author":"Rojas-Feria","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840100406","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis: natural history, prognostic factors and survival analysis","volume":"10","author":"Wiesner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.08.027","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with poor outcomes of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"9","author":"Ngu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4758-9","article-title":"Heterogeneity of outcomes following liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: age matters","volume":"62","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)90903-7","article-title":"Effect of proctocolectomy for chronic ulcerative colitis on the natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"96","author":"Cangemi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)70019-T","article-title":"Prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"100","author":"Olsson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.06.021","article-title":"Prevalence of sclerosing cholangitis detected by magnetic resonance cholangiography in patients with long-term inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"151","author":"Lunder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i6.1956","article-title":"Distinctive inflammatory bowel disease phenotype in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"21","author":"de Vries","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"427","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.37.427.245","article-title":"A\u00a0study of liver disorder in ulcerative colitis","volume":"37","author":"Brooke","year":"1961","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.21.10.851","article-title":"Bacteriological and endotoxin studies in cases of ulcerative colitis submitted to surgery","volume":"21","author":"Palmer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(89)90381-1","article-title":"Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cholangiopathy: spectrum of disease","volume":"86","author":"Cello","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(92)90076-2","article-title":"A\u00a0survey of cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) liver tissues using a sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assay","volume":"15","author":"Mehal","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090209","article-title":"Floxuridine-induced sclerosing cholangitis: an ischemic cholangiopathy?","volume":"9","author":"Ludwig","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib17","first-page":"555","article-title":"The syndrome of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"9","author":"Ludwig","year":"1990","journal-title":"Prog Liver Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-933559","article-title":"Etiopathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"26","author":"O'Mahony","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90560-4","article-title":"Enterohepatic circulation of bacterial chemotactic peptide in rats with experimental colitis","volume":"94","author":"Hobson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90255-7","article-title":"Experimental portal fibrosis produced by intraportal injection of killed nonpathogenic Escherichia coli in rabbits","volume":"94","author":"Kono","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90833-M","article-title":"Hepatic inflammation in rats with experimental small intestinal bacterial overgrowth","volume":"98","author":"Lichtman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31816fee95","article-title":"Long-term treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis in children with oral vancomycin: an immunomodulating antibiotic","volume":"47","author":"Davies","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14540","article-title":"Review article: the evidence that vancomycin is a therapeutic option for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"47","author":"Damman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.03.016","article-title":"Increased risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis in first-degree relatives of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"6","author":"Bergquist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5421","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i41.5421","article-title":"Genetic epidemiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"13","author":"Karlsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(79)90397-4","article-title":"Leukocyte migration inhibition in response to biliary antigens in primary biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis, and other chronic liver diseases","volume":"76","author":"McFarlane","year":"1979","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.01.042","article-title":"The natural history of small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"134","author":"Bjornsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-009-0006-6","article-title":"Small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"11","author":"Bjornsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.22131","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis\/sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome in childhood: a 16-year prospective study","volume":"33","author":"Gregorio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41841.x","article-title":"Clinical course and outcome of autoimmune hepatitis\/primary sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Floreani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840360615","article-title":"Evolution of autoimmune hepatitis to primary sclerosing cholangitis: a sequential syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Abdo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000409","article-title":"Liver enzyme elevations within 3\u00a0months of diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease and likelihood of liver disease","volume":"59","author":"Goyal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199504063321406","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"332","author":"Lee","year":"1995","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10091953","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis: meta-analysis of diagnostic performance of MR cholangiopancreatography","volume":"256","author":"Dave","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.4.424","article-title":"Histological and immunohistochemical study of the gall bladder lesion in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"32","author":"Jeffrey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199703063361003","article-title":"Ursodiol for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Mayo primary sclerosing cholangitis-ursodeoxycholic acid study group","volume":"336","author":"Lindor","year":"1997","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23082","article-title":"High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"50","author":"Lindor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23294","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"51","author":"Chapman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27180","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid in primary sclerosing cholangitis: if withdrawal is bad, then administration is good (right?)","volume":"60","author":"Tabibian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-012-0175-3","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis for prevention of colon cancer: a meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Ashraf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14829","article-title":"Effects of vedolizumab, adalimumab and infliximab on biliary inflammation in individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"48","author":"Tse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300501","article-title":"Long-term results of patients undergoing liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"30","author":"Graziadei","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00042-3","article-title":"Hepatobiliary carcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis: a case control study","volume":"34","author":"Leidenius","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03696.x","article-title":"Treatment of cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis: the Mayo Clinic experience","volume":"96","author":"Kaya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2011.02.007","article-title":"Liver transplantation in PBC and PSC: indications and disease recurrence","volume":"35","author":"Carbone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290427","article-title":"Recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis following liver transplantation","volume":"29","author":"Graziadei","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21679","article-title":"A\u00a0re-evaluation of the risk factors for the recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in liver allografts","volume":"15","author":"Alabraba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21685","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G4 associated cholangitis: description of an emerging clinical entity based on review of the literature","volume":"45","author":"Bjornsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.05.019","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography does not reliably distinguish IgG4-associated cholangitis from primary sclerosing cholangitis or cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Kalaitzakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-012-0652-6","article-title":"The role of peroral video cholangioscopy in patients with IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"48","author":"Itoi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04658.x","article-title":"Systematic review: management options for primary sclerosing cholangitis and its variant forms - IgG4-associated cholangitis and overlap with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"33","author":"Culver","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181ca4db4","article-title":"Extraintestinal manifestations of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease and their relation to disease type and severity","volume":"51","author":"Dotson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3699-4","article-title":"Clinical presentation and outcomes of autoimmune hepatitis in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"60","author":"DeFilippis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(92)90178-R","article-title":"Frequency and significance of chronic ulcerative colitis in severe corticosteroid-treated autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"14","author":"Perdigoto","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.11.010","article-title":"Infliximab as a rescue treatment in difficult-to-treat autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"58","author":"Weiler-Normann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01220.x","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma in young individuals with and without primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"102","author":"Bjornsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.04067.x","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"99","author":"Burak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib58","first-page":"350","article-title":"The clinical utility of the CA 19-9 tumor-associated antigen","volume":"85","author":"Steinberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22441","article-title":"Utility of serum tumor markers, imaging, and biliary cytology for detecting cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"48","author":"Charatcharoenwitthaya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.05.010","article-title":"Diagnostic benefit of biliary brush cytology in cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"45","author":"Boberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-925257","article-title":"Cholangioscopic characterization of dominant bile duct stenoses in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"38","author":"Tischendorf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.138859","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma and its management","volume":"56","author":"Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21537","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for gallstones in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a large case-control study","volume":"45","author":"Parente","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6798-4","article-title":"Cholecystectomy in patients with Crohn's ileitis","volume":"46","author":"Chew","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dis colon rectum"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200305000-00012","article-title":"Sonographic prevalence of liver steatosis and biliary tract stones in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: study of 511 subjects at a single center","volume":"36","author":"Bargiggia","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21669","article-title":"Changing shape of disease: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Crohn's disease-a case series and review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"McGowan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2012.10.015","article-title":"Risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"7","author":"Sourianarayanane","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1053\/bega.2002.0330","article-title":"Other disease associations with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"16","author":"Allard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy200","article-title":"Screening for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in inflammatory bowel diseases: a cohort study using transient elastography","volume":"25","author":"Saroli Palumbo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/00365529850166275","article-title":"Hepatobiliary alterations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a multicenter study. Caprilli & Gruppo Italiano Studio Colon-Retto","volume":"33","author":"Riegler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0234","article-title":"Infliximab reverses steatosis and improves insulin signal transduction in liver of rats fed a high-fat diet","volume":"194","author":"Barbuio","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001084","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity of inflammatory bowel disease medications","volume":"52","author":"Shamberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2003.01108.x","article-title":"Steatohepatitis during methylprednisolone therapy for ulcerative colitis exacerbation","volume":"253","author":"Candelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197809000-00031","article-title":"Granulomatous hepatitis associated with salicylazosulfapyridine therapy","volume":"71","author":"Callen","year":"1978","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1159\/000320410","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity of agents used in the management of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"28","author":"Khokhar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.12.054","article-title":"Once-daily dosing of delayed-release oral mesalamine (400-mg tablet) is as effective as twice-daily dosing for maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis","volume":"138","author":"Sandborn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.39.3.401","article-title":"6-Mercaptopurine metabolism in Crohn's disease: correlation with efficacy and toxicity","volume":"39","author":"Cuffari","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20554","article-title":"Nodular regenerative hyperplasia and thiopurines: the case for level-dependent toxicity","volume":"11","author":"de Boer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02636.x","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors and clinical course of thiopurine-induced liver injury in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"22","author":"Bastida","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01187.x","article-title":"Thiopurine-induced liver injury in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review","volume":"102","author":"Gisbert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib81","series-title":"Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1999"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200103000-00013","article-title":"Veno-occlusive disease, nodular regenerative hyperplasia and hepatocellular carcinoma after azathioprine treatment in a patient with ulcerative colitis","volume":"13","author":"Russmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib83","first-page":"256","article-title":"Role of endothelial cell injury in the spectrum of azathioprine-induced liver disease after renal transplant: light microscopy and ultrastructural observations","volume":"83","author":"Haboubi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510230326","article-title":"Toxicity of azathioprine and monocrotaline in murine sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes: the role of glutathione and relevance to hepatic venoocclusive disease","volume":"23","author":"DeLeve","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.29.9.1265","article-title":"Peliosis hepatis induced by 6-thioguanine administration","volume":"29","author":"Larrey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00938-7","article-title":"6-thioguanine can cause serious liver injury in inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"125","author":"Dubinsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S207","DOI":"10.1016\/S1873-9946(14)60462-1","article-title":"P342 Splitting the normal daily dose of thioguanine may be efficacious treatment for IBD and avoid hepatic toxicity","volume":"8","author":"Pavlidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780290703","article-title":"Methotrexate metabolism analysis in blood and liver of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Association with hepatic folate deficiency and formation of polyglutamates","volume":"29","author":"Kremer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12912","article-title":"End-stage methotrexate-related liver disease is rare and associated with features of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Dawwas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib90","first-page":"423","article-title":"A\u00a0review of immune modifier therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclosporine, and methotrexate","volume":"91","author":"Sandborn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2008.168","article-title":"Management of Crohn's disease in adults","volume":"104","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2010.12.024","article-title":"Evaluation of liver fibrosis by transient elastography in methotrexate treated patients","volume":"137","author":"Barbero-Villares","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2015.1029915","article-title":"Safety of infliximab for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: current understanding of the potential for serious adverse events","volume":"14","author":"Khanna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.040675","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis B reactivation following infliximab therapy in Crohn's disease patients: need for primary prophylaxis","volume":"53","author":"Esteve","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.2571","article-title":"Preventing hepatitis B reactivation due to immunosuppressive drug treatments","volume":"313","author":"Perrillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-005-0169-y","article-title":"Serious liver disease induced by infliximab","volume":"26","author":"Tobon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4065\/76.1.84","article-title":"Infliximab-associated reversible cholestatic liver disease","volume":"76","author":"Menghini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.09.016","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of factors that contribute to hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"9","author":"Kotlyar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.07.062","article-title":"Risk of drug-induced liver injury from tumor necrosis factor antagonists","volume":"13","author":"Bjornsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181a745e7","article-title":"Adalimumab-induced autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"44","author":"Adar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-011-1191-4","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis induced by adalimumab with successful switch to abatacept","volume":"68","author":"Grasland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v5.i10.592","article-title":"Severe cholestasis due to adalimumab in a Crohn's disease patient","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13159","article-title":"New onset idiosyncratic liver enzyme elevations with biological therapy in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"41","author":"Shelton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215734","article-title":"Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis","volume":"369","author":"Feagan","year":"2013","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215739","article-title":"Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease","volume":"369","author":"Sandborn","year":"2013","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib106","first-page":"277","article-title":"Chronic cholestatic liver injury attributable to vedolizumab","volume":"4","author":"Stine","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04262.x","article-title":"Clinically significant liver injury in patients treated with natalizumab","volume":"31","author":"Bezabeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1112072","article-title":"Tofacitinib or adalimumab versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"367","author":"van Vollenhoven","year":"2012","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200111000-00002","article-title":"Hepatitis B and C virus infection in Crohn's disease","volume":"7","author":"Biancone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23035","article-title":"Hepatic failure due to hepatitis B reactivation in a patient with ulcerative colitis treated with prednisone","volume":"50","author":"Zeitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.208413","article-title":"Liver dysfunction related to hepatitis B and C in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with immunosuppressive therapy","volume":"59","author":"Loras","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2011.00937.x","article-title":"Risk of hepatitis B reactivation in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors","volume":"42","author":"Tanaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.10.039","article-title":"American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy","volume":"148","author":"Reddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23190","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009","volume":"50","author":"Lok","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04570.x","article-title":"Review article: prevention and management of hepatitis B and C infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"33","author":"Gisbert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq183","article-title":"Vaccinations in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"49","author":"Rahier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izx001","article-title":"Antibody response to hepatitis b virus vaccine is impaired in patients with inflammatory bowel disease on infliximab therapy","volume":"24","author":"Pratt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05110.x","article-title":"Comparison of the effectiveness of two protocols for vaccination (standard and double dosage) against hepatitis B virus in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"35","author":"Gisbert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.79","article-title":"Efficacy of hepatitis B vaccination and revaccination and factors impacting on response in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"107","author":"Gisbert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00943.x","article-title":"Inflammation and coagulation in inflammatory bowel disease: the clot thickens","volume":"102","author":"Danese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1572-0241.2003.04026.x","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"99","author":"Solem","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.025411","article-title":"Is inflammatory bowel disease an independent and disease specific risk factor for thromboembolism?","volume":"53","author":"Miehsler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32830263cb","article-title":"Late onset ulcerative colitis complicating a patient with Budd-Chiari syndrome: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Vassiliadis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-859009","article-title":"Sonographic diagnosis of a liver abscess caused by an enterohepatic fistula in a patient with Crohn's disease","volume":"27","author":"Rickes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90704-3","article-title":"Liver abscess in Crohn's disease. Report of four cases and review of the literature","volume":"91","author":"Mir-Madjlessi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199209000-00001","article-title":"Amyloidosis and inflammatory bowel disease. A 50-year experience with 25 patients","volume":"71","author":"Greenstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2009.11.009","article-title":"Systemic amyloidosis in inflammatory bowel disease: retrospective study on its prevalence, clinical presentation, and outcome","volume":"4","author":"Serra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crohns Colitis"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1089326118301077?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1089326118301077?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T17:55:27Z","timestamp":1761069327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1089326118301077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1089326118301077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-3261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-3261","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hepatic Complications of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Liver Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}