{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T16:30:28Z","timestamp":1785601828908,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]],"date-time":"2021-08-08T06:29:57Z","timestamp":1628404197000},"page":"831-839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["New Treatments for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus\/Hepatitis D Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Sandmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiner","family":"Wedemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.01.014","article-title":"The changing context of hepatitis D","author":"Rizzetto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10117-z","article-title":"Enveloped viruses distinct from HBV induce dissemination of hepatitis D virus in\u00a0vivo","volume":"10","author":"Perez-Vargas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.02.013","article-title":"The hepatitis delta virus: replication and pathogenesis","volume":"64","author":"Sureau","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29574","article-title":"Genetic diversity and worldwide distribution of the deltavirus genus: a study of 2,152 clinical strains","volume":"66","author":"Le Gal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13086","article-title":"Genetic diversity of hepatitis D virus genotype-1 in Europe allows classification into subtypes","volume":"26","author":"Karimzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.12.028","article-title":"Hepatitis delta genotype 5 is associated with favourable disease outcome and better response to treatment compared to genotype 1","volume":"72","author":"Spaan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.008","article-title":"The global prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Stockdale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.06.037","article-title":"The burden of hepatitis D - defogging the epidemiological horizon","volume":"73","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316601","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of hepatitis D virus infection in the global population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz633","article-title":"Estimating the global prevalence, disease progression, and clinical outcome of hepatitis delta virus infection","volume":"221","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.10.007","article-title":"Hepatitis delta-associated mortality in HIV\/HBV-coinfected patients","volume":"66","author":"B\u00e9guelin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31214","article-title":"Long-term study of hepatitis delta virus infection at secondary care centers: the impact of viremia on liver-related outcomes","author":"Kamal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e154","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12251","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a baseline-event-anticipation score for hepatitis delta","volume":"21","author":"Calle Serrano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.06.038","article-title":"Origin, HDV genotype and persistent viremia determine outcome and treatment response in patients with chronic hepatitis delta","volume":"73","author":"Roulot","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0912696","article-title":"Peginterferon plus adefovir versus either drug alone for hepatitis delta","volume":"364","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.02.030","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis D and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"73","author":"Alfaiate","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.03.021","article-title":"EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"67","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29800","article-title":"Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance","volume":"67","author":"Terrault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3281","article-title":"Automated nucleic acid isolation methods for HDV viral load quantification can lead to viral load underestimation","volume":"24","author":"Bremer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.17.11.837","article-title":"Complement fixing hepatitis B core antigen immune complexes in the liver of patients with HBs antigen positive chronic disease","volume":"17","author":"Rizzetto","year":"1976","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199401133300202","article-title":"Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with interferon alfa-2a","volume":"330","author":"Farci","year":"1994","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.03.017","article-title":"Long-term benefit of interferon alpha therapy of chronic hepatitis D: regression of advanced hepatic fibrosis","volume":"126","author":"Farci","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21296","article-title":"Pegylated interferon alpha-2b as monotherapy or in combination with ribavirin in chronic hepatitis delta","volume":"44","author":"Niro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2000.00254.x","article-title":"Lamivudine-high dose interferon combination therapy for chronic hepatitis B patients co-infected with the hepatitis D virus","volume":"7","author":"Wolters","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30663-7","article-title":"Peginterferon alfa-2a plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for hepatitis D (HIDIT-II): a randomised, placebo controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"19","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312653","article-title":"Induction of IFN-\u03bb3 as an additional effect of nucleotide, not nucleoside, analogues: a new potential target for HBV infection","volume":"67","author":"Murata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30956","article-title":"Immunomodulatory mechanism of acyclic nucleoside phosphates in treatment of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"71","author":"Murata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.052","article-title":"A\u00a028-year study of the course of hepatitis Delta infection: a risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"136","author":"Romeo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28876","article-title":"Antiviral treatment and liver-related complications in hepatitis delta","volume":"65","author":"Wranke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix656","article-title":"Interferon treatment duration in patients with chronic delta hepatitis and its effect on the natural course of the disease","volume":"217","author":"Yurdaydin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13366","article-title":"Ten-year follow-up of a randomized controlled clinical trial in chronic hepatitis delta","volume":"27","author":"Wranke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27102","article-title":"Late HDV RNA relapse after peginterferon alpha-based therapy of chronic hepatitis delta","volume":"60","author":"Heidrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14740","article-title":"Residual low HDV viraemia is associated HDV RNA relapse after PEG-IFNa-based antiviral treatment of hepatitis delta: results from the HIDIT-II study","volume":"41","author":"Bremer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03946-9","article-title":"Both interferon alpha and lambda can reduce all intrahepatic HDV infection markers in HBV\/HDV infected humanized mice","volume":"7","author":"Giersch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0618-8278(19)30058-1","article-title":"PS-052-End of study results from LIMT HDV study: 36% durable virologic response at 24\u00a0weeks post-treatment with pegylated interferon lambda monotherapy in patients with chronic hepatitis delta virus infection","volume":"70","author":"Etzion","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib36","article-title":"A\u00a0phase 2 study of lonafarnib, ritonavir and peginterferon lambda for 24\u00a0weeks: interim end-of-treatment results from the LIFT HDV study","author":"Koh","year":"2020","journal-title":"AASLD"},{"issue":"5061","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1598578","article-title":"Identification of a prenylation site in delta virus large antigen","volume":"256","author":"Glenn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17704","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo antiviral efficacy of prenylation inhibitors against hepatitis delta virus","volume":"112","author":"Bordier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(18)30397-0","article-title":"Subanalysis of the LOWR HDV-2 study reveals high response rates to Lonafarnib in patients with low viral loads","volume":"68","author":"Yurdaydin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30288-1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of REP 2139 and pegylated interferon alfa-2a for treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus co-infection (REP 301 and REP 301-LTF): a non-randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"2","author":"Bazinet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.058","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of 48 Weeks REP 2139 or REP 2165, tenofovir disoproxil, and pegylated interferon alfa-2a in patients with chronic HBV infection Na\u00efve to Nucleos(t)ide therapy","volume":"158","author":"Bazinet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(18)30224-1","article-title":"Final results of a multicenter, open-label phase 2b clinical trial to assess safety and efficacy of Myrcludex B in combination with Tenofovir in patients with chronic HBV\/HDV co-infection","volume":"68","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0618-8278(19)30141-0","article-title":"GS-13-Final results of a multicenter, open-label phase 2 clinical trial (MYR203) to assess safety and efficacy of myrcludex B in cwith PEG-interferon Alpha 2a in patients with chronic HBV\/HDV co-infection","volume":"70","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(20)30651-6","article-title":"48\u00a0weeks of high dose (10\u00a0mg) bulevirtide as monotherapy or with peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with chronic HBV\/HDV co-infection","volume":"73","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.06.016","article-title":"Rapid early HDV RNA decline in the peripheral blood but prolonged intrahepatic hepatitis delta antigen persistence after liver transplantation","volume":"56","author":"Mederacke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1089326121000611?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1089326121000611?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T17:59:26Z","timestamp":1761069566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1089326121000611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1089326121000611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-3261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-3261","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"New Treatments for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus\/Hepatitis D Virus Infection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Liver Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2021.06.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}