{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:32:11Z","timestamp":1790029931853,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T06:55:03Z","timestamp":1682232903000},"page":"617-630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Viral Hepatitis and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Talal Khushid","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwani K.","family":"Singal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Y.","family":"Kwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.042","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis","volume":"144","author":"Moreau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-008-9106-x","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the study of the liver (APASL)","volume":"3","author":"Sarin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1914900","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"382","author":"Arroyo","year":"2020","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29773","article-title":"NACSELD acute-on-chronic liver failure (NACSELD-ACLF) score predicts 30-day survival in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis","volume":"67","author":"O'Leary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312670","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure: an update","volume":"66","author":"Hernaez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu834","article-title":"Trends in disease and complications of hepatitis A virus infection in the United States, 1999-2011: a new concern for adults","volume":"212","author":"Ly","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30579-7","article-title":"The global burden of viral hepatitis from 1990 to 2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"388","author":"Stanaway","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01887.x","article-title":"Clinical features and predictors of outcome in acute hepatitis A and hepatitis E virus hepatitis on cirrhosis","volume":"29","author":"Radha Krishna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-012-0295-9","article-title":"Etiology, clinical profile, and inhospital mortality of acute-on-chronic liver failure: a prospective study","volume":"32","author":"Jha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-015-0613-0","article-title":"Role of non-hepatotropic viruses in acute sporadic viral hepatitis and acute-on-chronic liver failure in adults","volume":"34","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13504","article-title":"Insight into an acute hepatitis A outbreak in Indiana","volume":"28","author":"Samala","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28740","article-title":"Systemic inflammation in decompensated cirrhosis: Characterization and role in acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"64","author":"Cl\u00e0ria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27795","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure precipitated by hepatic injury is distinct from that precipitated by extrahepatic insults","volume":"62","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.1061","article-title":"Global epidemiology of chronic liver disease","volume":"17","author":"Cheemerla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib15","unstructured":"Organization W.H., Interim guidance for country validation of viral hepatitis elimination. 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240028395. Accessed November 8, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2022.08.001","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus: new developments","volume":"27","author":"Robinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.10.048","article-title":"What is needed to eliminate hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus as global health threats","volume":"156","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010082","article-title":"Global disparities in hepatitis B elimination\u2014a focus on Africa","volume":"14","author":"Sonderup","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12081","article-title":"Management of acute hepatitis B and reactivation of hepatitis B","volume":"33","author":"Jindal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12109","article-title":"Distinct quasispecies characteristics and positive selection within precore\/core gene in hepatitis B virus HBV associated acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Q., Wang J., Lu M., et al., Acute-on-chronic liver failure from chronic-Hepatitis-B, who is the behind scenes, Front Microbiol, 11, 2020, 1-13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.583423"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313035","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies HLA-DR variants conferring risk of HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"67","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.10.039","article-title":"American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy","volume":"148","author":"Reddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29800","article-title":"Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance","volume":"67","author":"Terrault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000675","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of lamivudine versus entecavir for treating chronic hepatitis B virus\u2013related acute exacerbation and acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"51","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23346","article-title":"Severe lactic acidosis during treatment of chronic hepatitis B with entecavir in patients with impaired liver function","volume":"50","author":"Lange","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001038","article-title":"Tenofovir versus entecavir for the treatment of acute-on-chronic liver failure due to reactivation of chronic hepatitis B with genotypes B and C","volume":"53","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314641","article-title":"Development of diagnostic criteria and a prognostic score for hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"67","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.05.026","article-title":"Development and validation of a new prognostic score for hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib30","article-title":"Predicting the onset of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.008","article-title":"The global prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Stockdale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.01.014","article-title":"The changing context of hepatitis D","volume":"74","author":"Rizzetto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00318-8","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of bulevirtide in combination with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in patients with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus coinfection (MYR202): a multicentre, randomised, parallel-group, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"23","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horvatits T., Schulze Zur Wiesch J., L\u00fctgehetmann M., et al., The clinical perspective on hepatitis E, Viruses, 11, 2019, 1-19.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070617"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2013.08.013","article-title":"Hepatitis E and acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-010-9204-4","article-title":"Comparison of effects of hepatitis E or A viral superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00057-13","article-title":"Hepatitis E virus infection","volume":"27","author":"Kamar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215246","article-title":"Ribavirin for chronic hepatitis E virus infection in transplant recipients","volume":"370","author":"Kamar","year":"2014","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2317","article-title":"Ribavirin therapy for hepatitis E virus-induced acute on chronic liver failure: a preliminary report","volume":"17","author":"Goyal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12646","article-title":"Hepatitis E: genotypes, strategies to prevent and manage, and the existing knowledge gaps","volume":"5","author":"Kamani","year":"2021","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30988","article-title":"Cure with interferon-free direct-acting antiviral is associated with increased survival in patients with hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma from both east and west","volume":"71","author":"Dang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.07.005","article-title":"A\u00a0polymorphism Near IL28B is associated with spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus and jaundice","volume":"139","author":"Tillmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29344","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus reactivation in patients receiving cancer treatment: a prospective observational study","volume":"67","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3488-8","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections, risk factors, and their influence on the liver function of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20545","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus-associated acute liver failure: a difficult diagnosis with a poor prognosis","volume":"11","author":"Ichai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.07.010","article-title":"Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis: a national COVID cohort collaborative study","volume":"161","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.09.027","article-title":"Predictors of outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with chronic liver disease: US multi-center study","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10181-y","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes for acute-on-chronic liver failure in COVID-19: a large multi-center observational cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Satapathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10072-8","article-title":"Pre-existing liver disease is associated with poor outcome in patients with SARS CoV2 infection; the APCOLIS Study (APASL COVID-19 Liver Injury Spectrum Study)","volume":"14","author":"Sarin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib50","first-page":"3132","article-title":"Remdesivir in the treatment of COVID-19: a propensity score-matched analysis from a public hospital in New York city assessing renal and hepatic safety","volume":"11","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32337","article-title":"Postvaccination COVID-19 infection is associated with reduced mortality in patients with cirrhosis","author":"John","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1089326123000399?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1089326123000399?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T18:00:06Z","timestamp":1761069606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1089326123000399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1089326123000399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-3261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-3261","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Viral Hepatitis and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Liver Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}