{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T20:16:28Z","timestamp":1761164188525,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T07:53:16Z","timestamp":1688370796000},"page":"837-855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Novel Assays to Solve the Clinical and Scientific Challenges of Chronic Hepatitis B"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harout","family":"Ajoyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30056-6","article-title":"Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: a modelling study","volume":"3","author":"Polaris Observatory","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu T., Budzinska M.A., Shackel N.A., et al., HBV DNA integration: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications, Viruses, 9 (4), 2017,75.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9040075"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu T., Budzinska M.A., Vondran F.W.R., et al., Hepatitis B virus DNA integration occurs early in the viral life cycle in an in vitro infection model via sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide-dependent uptake of enveloped virus particles, J Virol, 92 (11), 2018, e02007-17.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02007-17"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu T., Zehnder B., Qu B., et al., De novo synthesis of hepatitis B virus nucleocapsids is dispensable for the maintenance and transcriptional regulation of cccDNA. JHEP Reports, 3(1), 2020, 100195.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2020.100195"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-239","article-title":"Medical virology of hepatitis B: how it began and where we are now","volume":"10","author":"Gerlich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutz P., Metz P., Lempp F.A., et al., HBV bypasses the innate immune response and does not protect HCV from antiviral activity of interferon, Gastroenterology, 154 (6), 2018, 1791\u20131804 e22.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.044"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chua C.G., Mehrotra A., Mazzulli T., et al., Optimized ex vivo stimulation identifies multi-functional HBV-specific T cells in a majority of chronic hepatitis B patients, Sci Rep, 10 (1), 2020, 11344.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68226-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu T., Block J.M., Wang S., et al., The lived experience of chronic hepatitis B: a broader view of its impacts and why we need a cure, Viruses, 12 (5), 2020, 515.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050515"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho E., Michielsen P., Van Damme P., et al., Point-of-care tests for hepatitis B are associated with a higher linkage to care and lower cost compared to venepuncture sampling during outreach screenings in an asian migrant population, Ann Glob Health, 86 (1), 2020, 81.","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.2848"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2772-3","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of tests to detect hepatitis B surface antigen: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Amini","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6315718","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6315718","article-title":"Evaluation of four rapid tests for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in ivory coast","volume":"2020","author":"Dembele","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segeral O., Phirum W., Khan O., et al., In-field evaluation of SD Bioline HBsAg whole blood rapid test in pregnant women in Cambodia: the ANRS 12345 TA PROHM study, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 101 (2), 2021, 115452.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115452"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188066","article-title":"Detection of HBsAg mutants in the blood donor population of Pakistan","volume":"12","author":"Farooq","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su S., Wong W.C., Zou Z., et al., Cost-effectiveness of universal screening for chronic hepatitis B virus infection in China: an economic evaluation, Lancet Global Health, 10 (2), 2022, e278\u2013e287.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00517-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allard N.L., MacLachlan J.H., Tran L., et al., Time for universal hepatitis B screening for Australian adults, Med J Aust, 215 (3), 2021, 103\u2013105 e1.","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51114"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed S., Raimondo A., P\u00e9naranda G., et al., Dried blood spot sampling for hepatitis B virus serology and molecular testing, PLoS One, 8 (4), 2013, e61077.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061077"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamamoto C., Nagashima S., Isomura M., et al., Evaluation of the efficiency of dried blood spot-based measurement of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus seromarkers, Sci Rep, 10 (1), 2020, 3857.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60703-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29800","article-title":"Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance","volume":"67","author":"Terrault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-015-9675-4","article-title":"Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: a 2015 update","volume":"10","author":"Sarin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.03.021","article-title":"Electronic address, e.e.e. and L. European Association for the Study of the, EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"67","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong R.J., Kaufman H.W., Niles J.K., et al., Simplifying treatment criteria in chronic hepatitis B: reducing barriers to elimination, Clin Infect Dis, 76(3), 2022, e791-e800.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac385"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dieterich D., Graham C., Wang S., et al., It is time for a simplified approach to hepatitis B elimination, Gastro Hep Advances, 2 (2), 2023, 209\u2013218.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2022.10.004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trickey A., Fajardo E., Alemu D., et al., Impact of hepatitis C virus point-of-care RNA viral load testing compared with laboratory-based testing on uptake of RNA testing and treatment, and turnaround times: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 8 (3), 2023, 253\u2013270.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00346-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auzin A.M., Slavenburg S., Peters C., et al., Rapid, random-access, and quantification of hepatitis B virus using the Cepheid Xpert HBV viral load assay, J Med Virol, 93 (6), 2021, 3999\u20134003.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26392"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcuccilli F., Chevaliez S., Muller T., et al., Multicenter evaluation of the cepheid xpert((R)) HBV viral load test, Diagnostics, 11 (2), 2021, 297.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11020297"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104481","article-title":"Evaluation of the xpert HBV viral load for hepatitis B virus molecular testing","volume":"129","author":"Poiteau","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson K., Tekoaua R., Li X., et al., Real-world application of the Xpert(R) HBV viral load assay on serum and dried blood spots, J Med Virol, 93 (6), 2021, 3707\u20133713.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26662"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen C.M., Ouyang S., Lin L.Y., et al., Diagnostic accuracy of LAMP assay for HBV infection, J Clin Lab Anal, 34 (7), 2020, e23281.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23281"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quoc N.B., Phuong N.D.N., Chau N.N.B., et al., Closed tube loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of hepatitis B virus in human blood, Heliyon, 4 (3), 2018, e00561.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00561"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanhomwegen J., Kwasiborski A., Diop A., et al., Development and clinical validation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to diagnose high HBV DNA levels in resource-limited settings, Clin Microbiol Infect, 27 (12), 2021, 1858 e9-e1858 e15.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.03.014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743322","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.743322","article-title":"A CRISPR-Cas12b-based platform for ultrasensitive, rapid, and highly specific detection of hepatitis B virus genotypes B and C in clinical application","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding R., Long J., Yuan M., et al., CRISPR\/Cas12-based ultra-sensitive and specific point-of-care detection of HBV, Int J Mol Sci, 22 (9), 2021, 4842.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094842"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maasoumy B., Wiegand S.B., Jaroszewicz J., et al., Hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) levels in the natural history of hepatitis B virus infection in a large European cohort predominantly infected with genotypes A and D, Clin Microbiol Infect, 21 (6), 2015, 606 e1-e10.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.02.010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib35","first-page":"00554","article-title":"Rapid point-of-care test for hepatitis B core-related antigen to diagnose high viral load in resource-limited settings","volume":"S1542-3565(22)","author":"Shimakawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollock N.R., Rolland J.P., Kumar S., et al., A paper-based multiplexed transaminase test for low-cost, point-of-care liver function testing, Sci Transl Med, 4 (152), 2012, 152ra129.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003981"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.02.022","article-title":"A\u00a0point-of-care paper-based fingerstick transaminase test: toward low-cost \"lab-on-a-chip\" technology for the developing world","volume":"11","author":"Pollock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howell J., Van H., Pham M., et al., Validation of a novel point-of-care test for alanine aminotransferase measurement: a pilot cohort study, Liver Int, 43 (5), 2023, 989\u2013999.","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15531"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.339158","article-title":"Development of a paper-based analytical device for the colourimetric detection of alanine transaminase and the application of deep learning for image analysis","volume":"1188","author":"Resmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seto W.K., Lai C.L., Ip P.P., et al., A large population histology study showing the lack of association between ALT elevation and significant fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B, PLoS One, 7 (2), 2012, e32622.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032622"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.02.075","article-title":"Virologic and histologic features of chronic hepatitis B virus-infected asymptomatic patients with persistently normal ALT","volume":"134","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib42","first-page":"67","article-title":"Serum marker panels for predicting liver fibrosis - an update","volume":"41","author":"Joseph","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Biochem Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickerson W.M., Yu R., Westergren H.U., et al., Point-of-care microvolume cytometer measures platelet counts with high accuracy from capillary blood, PLoS One, 16 (8), 2021, e0256423.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256423"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1080\/09537104.2018.1557619","article-title":"Rapid testing of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in intensive care patients using the HemoScreen point-of-care analyzer","volume":"30","author":"Larsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Q., Xie W., Liu L., et al., Serum markers for predicting advanced fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Medicine (Baltim), 100 (18), 2021, e25327.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025327"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Revill P.A., Tu T., Netter H.J., et al., The evolution and clinical impact of hepatitis B virus genome diversity, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 17 (10), 2020, 618\u2013634.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0296-6"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.8.2525-2532.2002","article-title":"Efficacies of entecavir against lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus replication and recombinant polymerases in vitro","volume":"46","author":"Levine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.01.012","article-title":"Antiviral effect of entecavir in chronic hepatitis B: influence of prior exposure to nucleos(t)ide analogues","volume":"52","author":"Reijnders","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeung P., Wong D.K., Lai C.L., et al., Association of hepatitis B virus pre-S deletions with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B, J Infect Dis, 203 (5), 2011, 646\u2013654.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq096"},{"issue":"8 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05348.x","article-title":"Ground glass hepatocytes contain pre-S mutants and represent preneoplastic lesions in chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"23","author":"Su","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70261-7","article-title":"Hepatitis B genotypes correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"118","author":"Kao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104483","article-title":"Nanopore sequencing from extraction-free direct PCR of dried serum spots for portable hepatitis B virus drug-resistance typing","volume":"129","author":"Astbury","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5173","DOI":"10.1021\/ac504832c","article-title":"Rapid fluorescent lateral-flow immunoassay for hepatitis B virus genotyping","volume":"87","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1533033819846632","article-title":"A logistic regression model for noninvasive prediction of AFP-negative hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang J.D., Addissie B.D., Mara K.C., et al., GALAD score for hepatocellular carcinoma detection in comparison with liver ultrasound and proposal of GALADUS score, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 28 (3), 2019, 531\u2013538.","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-0281"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037742","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1037742","article-title":"Validation of the GALAD model and establishment of a new model for HCC detection in Chinese patients","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schotten C.,Ostertag B., Sowa J.P., et al., GALAD score detects early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in a European cohort of chronic hepatitis B and C patients, Pharmaceuticals, 14 (8), 2021, 735.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14080735"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Best J., Bechmann L.P., Sowa J.P., et al., GALAD score detects early hepatocellular carcinoma in an international cohort of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 18 (3), 2020, 728\u2013735 e4.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.11.012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665201","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.665201","article-title":"Viral biomarkers for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence and recurrence","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li C.L., Ho M.C., Lin Y.Y., et al., Cell-free virus-host chimera DNA from hepatitis B virus integration sites as a circulating biomarker of hepatocellular cancer, Hepatology, 72 (6), 2020, 2063\u20132076.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31230"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2174\/1389202919666181002144336","article-title":"Profile of HBV integration in the plasma DNA of hepatocellular carcinoma patients","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kisiel J.B., Dukek B.A., V S R Kanipakam R., et al., Hepatocellular carcinoma detection by plasma methylated DNA: discovery, phase I pilot, and phase II clinical validation, Hepatology, 69 (3), 2019, 1180\u20131192.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30244"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11512","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15058-0","article-title":"DNA methylation fingerprint of hepatocellular carcinoma from tissue and liquid biopsies","volume":"12","author":"Goncalves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalasani N.P., Ramasubramanian T.S., Bhattacharya A., et al., A novel blood-based panel of methylated DNA and protein markers for detection of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 19 (12), 2021, 2597\u20132605 e4.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.08.065"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2022.105375","article-title":"A longitudinal study to detect hepatitis B surface and core-related antigens in chronic hepatitis B patients with hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance using highly sensitive assays","volume":"160","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seto W.K., Tanaka Y., Wong D.K., et al., Evidence of serologic activity in chronic hepatitis B after surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance documented by conventional HBsAg assay, Hepatol Int, 7 (1), 2012, 98\u2013105.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-012-9354-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0220421","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02204-21","article-title":"Detection of the hepatitis B surface antigen in patients with occult hepatitis B by use of an assay with enhanced sensitivity","volume":"60","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candotti D., Assennato S.M., Laperche S., et al., Multiple HBV transfusion transmissions from undetected occult infections: revising the minimal infectious dose, Gut, 68 (2), 2019, 313\u2013321.","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316490"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burdette D.L., Lazerwith S., Yang J., et al., Ongoing viral replication and production of infectious virus in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus suppressed below the limit of quantitation on long-term nucleos(t)ide therapy, PLoS One, 17 (4), 2022, e0262516.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262516"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13187","article-title":"Solid organ transplantation from hepatitis B virus-positive donors: consensus guidelines for recipient management","volume":"15","author":"Huprikar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib71","unstructured":"Committee, J.U.K.U.B.T.a.T.T.S.P.A. Hepatitis B. 2023 cited 2023 09\/02\/2023; Available at: https:\/\/www.transfusionguidelines.org\/dsg\/wb\/guidelines\/he016-hepatitis-b."},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib72","article-title":"Hepatitis B viral safety of blood donations: new gaps identified","volume":"3","author":"Gerlich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of Blood"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12096","article-title":"Infectivity of blood products from donors with occult hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"53","author":"Allain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harvala H., Reynolds C., Gibney Z., et al., Hepatitis B infections among blood donors in England between 2009 and 2018: is an occult hepatitis B infection a risk for blood safety?, Transfusion, 61 (8), 2021, 2402\u20132413.","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16543"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2021.0283","article-title":"Approaches to quantifying hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allweiss L., Testoni B., Yu M., et al., Quantification of the hepatitis B virus cccDNA: evidence-based guidelines for monitoring the key obstacle of HBV cure, Gut, 72 (5), 2023, 972\u2013983.","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328380"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020180","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus DNA integration: in\u00a0vitro models for investigating viral pathogenesis and persistence","volume":"13","author":"Tu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1830-2741","article-title":"Surrogate markers for hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA","volume":"42","author":"Tu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghany M.G., King W.C., Lisker-Melman M., et al., Comparison of HBV RNA and hepatitis B core related antigen with conventional HBV markers among untreated adults with chronic hepatitis B in north America, Hepatology, 74 (5), 2021, 2395\u20132409.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caviglia G.P., Olivero A., Ciancio A., et al., Analytical and clinical evaluation of a novel assay for anti-HBc IgG measurement in serum of subjects with overt and occult HBV infection, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 96 (4), 2020, 114985.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.114985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu Y., Wang X., Lin X., et al., Quantitative of serum hepatitis B core antibody is a potential predictor of recurrence after interferon-induced hepatitis B surface antigen clearance, J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 54 (2), 2021, 238\u2013244.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2019.09.004"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020443","article-title":"Highly sensitive HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti HBsAg titres in early diagnosis of HBV reactivation in anti-HBc-positive onco-haematological patients","volume":"10","author":"Cerva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib83","first-page":"6543","article-title":"The combination of anti-HBc and anti-HBs levels is a useful predictor of the development of chemotherapy-induced reactivation in lymphoma patients with resolved HBV infection","volume":"14","author":"Matsubara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.11.009","article-title":"Liver grafts from anti-hepatitis B core positive donors: a systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Cholongitas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130209","article-title":"Total hepatitis B core antigen antibody, a quantitative non-invasive marker of hepatitis B virus induced liver disease","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gehring A.J., Mendez P., Richter K., et al., Immunological biomarker discovery in cure regimens for chronic hepatitis B virus infection, J Hepatol, 77 (2), 2022, 525\u2013538.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.02.020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gill U.S., Pallett L.J., Thomas N., et al., Fine needle aspirates comprehensively sample intrahepatic immunity, Gut, 68 (8), 2019, 1493\u20131503.","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317071"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sprengers D., van der Molen R.G., Kusters J.G., et al., Flow cytometry of fine-needle-aspiration biopsies: a new method to monitor the intrahepatic immunological environment in chronic viral hepatitis, J Viral Hepat, 12 (5), 2005, 507\u2013512.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00626.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI158903","article-title":"Longitudinal liver sampling in patients with chronic hepatitis B starting antiviral therapy reveals hepatotoxic CD8+ T cells","volume":"133","author":"Nkongolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.04.002","article-title":"Viral envelope-specific antibodies in chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"30","author":"Corti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu H., Locarnini S., Wong D., et al., Role of anti-HBs in functional cure of HBeAg+ chronic hepatitis B patients infected with HBV genotype A, J Hepatol, 76 (1), 2022, 34\u201345.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.07.031"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazinet M., Anderson M., P\u00e2ntea V., et al., Analysis of HBsAg immunocomplexes and cccDNA activity during and persisting after NAP-based therapy, Hepatol Commun, 5 (11), 2021, 1873\u20131887.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1767"},{"year":"2016","series-title":"Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis 2016-2021. Towards ending viral hepatitis","author":"World Health","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib93"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao Y., Hellard M.E., Thompson A.J., et al., The cost-effectiveness of universal hepatitis B screening for reaching WHO diagnosis targets in Australia by 2030, Med J Aust, 218 (4), 2023, 168\u2013173.","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51825"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1089326123000624?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1089326123000624?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T17:59:46Z","timestamp":1761069586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1089326123000624"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1089326123000624"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-3261"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1089-3261"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Novel Assays to Solve the Clinical and Scientific Challenges of Chronic Hepatitis B","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Liver Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}