{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:24:41Z","timestamp":1788780281292,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T09:15:45Z","timestamp":1692263745000},"page":"93-101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Autoimmune Markers in Primary Biliary Cholangitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Shivani K.","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Bowlus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib1","first-page":"265","article-title":"On a certain affection of the skin vitiligoidea- \u03b1 plana, \u03b2 tuberosa","volume":"7","author":"Addison","year":"1851","journal-title":"Guy\u2019s Hosp Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"61","author":"Dauphinee","year":"1949","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra043898","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"353","author":"Kaplan","year":"2005","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7390","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)91372-3","article-title":"Serological tests in diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"1","author":"Walker","year":"1965","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040734","article-title":"The complex nature of mitochondrial antibodies and their relation to primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"1","author":"Baum","year":"1981","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.126.2.277","article-title":"Mitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. I. Localization of the antigen to mitochondrial membranes","volume":"126","author":"Berg","year":"1967","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib7","first-page":"200","article-title":"Mitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. II. The complement fixing antigen as a component of mitochondrial inner membranes","volume":"50","author":"Berg","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib8","first-page":"652","article-title":"Mitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. V. Ultrastructural localization of the antigen to the inner mitochondrial membrane using a direct peroxidase conjugate","volume":"54","author":"Bianchi","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib9","first-page":"281","article-title":"Mitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. IV. Significance of membrane structure for the complement-fixing antigen","volume":"17","author":"Berg","year":"1969","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib10","first-page":"267","article-title":"Mitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. VI. Association of the complement fixing antigen with a component of the mitochondrial F1-ATPase complex","volume":"50","author":"Lindenborn-Fotinos","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(86)80015-0","article-title":"Antimitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"2","author":"Berg","year":"1986","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.10.3525","article-title":"Identification and specificity of a cDNA encoding the 70 kd mitochondrial antigen recognized in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"138","author":"Gershwin","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7317","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.19.7317","article-title":"Primary structure of the human M2 mitochondrial autoantigen of primary biliary cirrhosis: dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase","volume":"85","author":"Coppel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U\u00a0S\u00a0A"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116504","article-title":"Molecular mimicry in primary biliary cirrhosis. Evidence for biliary epithelial expression of a molecule cross-reactive with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-E2","volume":"91","author":"Van de Water","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510230307","article-title":"Epitope mapping and reactivity of autoantibodies to the E2 component of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in primary biliary cirrhosis using recombinant 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex","volume":"23","author":"Moteki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib16","first-page":"505","article-title":"Autoantibodies to BCOADC-E2 in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis recognize a conformational epitope","volume":"22","author":"Leung","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.9.3367","article-title":"Structural requirement for autoreactivity on human pyruvate dehydrogenase-E2, the major autoantigen of primary biliary cirrhosis. Implication for a conformational autoepitope","volume":"144","author":"Surh","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160615","article-title":"Multiple autoepitope presentation for specific detection of antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"16","author":"Briand","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250507","article-title":"Comparison of the clinical features and clinical course of antimitochondrial antibody-positive and -negative primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"25","author":"Invernizzi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28859","article-title":"Large-scale characterization study of patients with antimitochondrial antibodies but nonestablished primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"65","author":"Dahlqvist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810440","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with HLA, IL12A, and IL12RB2 variants","volume":"360","author":"Hirschfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32172","article-title":"E.\u00a0coli and the etiology of human PBC: antimitochondrial antibodies and spreading determinants","volume":"75","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.06.001","article-title":"Electrophile-modified lipoic derivatives of PDC-E2 elicits anti-mitochondrial antibody reactivity","volume":"37","author":"Naiyanetr","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00412","article-title":"Report of the first international consensus on standardized nomenclature of antinuclear antibody HEp-2 cell patterns 2014-2015","volume":"6","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20907","article-title":"Risk factors and comorbidities in primary biliary cirrhosis: a controlled interview-based study of 1032 patients","volume":"42","author":"Gershwin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26157","article-title":"Antimitochondrial antibody heterogeneity and the xenobiotic etiology of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22736","article-title":"Apotopes and the biliary specificity of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"49","author":"Lleo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23783","article-title":"Biliary apotopes and anti-mitochondrial antibodies activate innate immune responses in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"52","author":"Lleo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1258\/0004563021902008","article-title":"Detection of serum M2 anti-mitochondrial antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is potentially less specific than by immunofluorescence","volume":"39","author":"Patel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib30","first-page":"295","article-title":"The diagnostic value of anti-mitochondrial antibodies, especially in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"48","author":"Tanaka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand)"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib31","article-title":"Optimization of laboratory diagnostics of primary biliary cholangitis: when solid-phase assays and immunofluorescence combine","volume":"11","author":"Gaiani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-007-9092-0","article-title":"Diagnostic relevance and clinical significance of the new enhanced performance M2 (MIT3) ELISA for the detection of IgA and IgG antimitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"27","author":"Gabeta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2016.11.021","article-title":"Clinical relevance of combined anti-mitochondrial M2 detection assays for primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"464","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21583","article-title":"A\u00a0sensitive bead assay for antimitochondrial antibodies: chipping away at AMA-negative primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"45","author":"Oertelt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07257.x","article-title":"Characterization and clinical impact of antinuclear antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"98","author":"Muratori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib36","first-page":"237","article-title":"Tissue antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis, active chronic (lupoid) hepatitis, cryptogenic cirrhosis and other liver diseases and their clinical implications","volume":"1","author":"Doniach","year":"1966","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"8371","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)90164-8","article-title":"Antinuclear antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"1","author":"Powell","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080438","article-title":"Autoantibodies against nuclear envelope-associated proteins in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"8","author":"Lozano","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03652.x","article-title":"Two nuclear dot-associated proteins, PML and Sp100, are often co-autoimmunogenic in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"42","author":"Sternsdorf","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101916","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101916","article-title":"Meta-analysis assessment of GP210 and SP100 for the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2012.03.020","article-title":"Diagnostic and clinical utility of antibodies against the nuclear body promyelocytic leukaemia and Sp100 antigens in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"413","author":"Mytilinaiou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14688","article-title":"Antibodies to gp210 and understanding risk in patients with primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"41","author":"Haldar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2013.801461","article-title":"Clinical significance of the fluctuation of primary biliary cirrhosis-related autoantibodies during the course of the disease","volume":"46","author":"Gatselis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPQV4A7QAEEFEV","article-title":"The significance of autoantibody changes over time in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"144","author":"Tana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.25.9.789","article-title":"Serum protein levels in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"25","author":"MacSween","year":"1972","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199105303242204","article-title":"A\u00a0multicenter, controlled trial of ursodiol for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. UDCA-PBC Study Group","volume":"324","author":"Poupon","year":"1991","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.12.005","article-title":"Efficacy of obeticholic acid in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and inadequate response to ursodeoxycholic acid","volume":"148","author":"Hirschfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M111.015529","article-title":"Identification of new autoantigens for primary biliary cirrhosis using human proteome microarrays","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12690","article-title":"Anti-kelch-like 12 and anti-hexokinase 1: novel autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"35","author":"Norman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib50","first-page":"585","article-title":"Detection of anti-kelch-like 12 and anti-hexokinase 1 antibodies in primary biliary cholangitis patients in China","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000690","article-title":"Novel anti-hexokinase 1 antibodies are associated with poor prognosis in patients with primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"115","author":"Reig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S108932612300082X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S108932612300082X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T18:00:36Z","timestamp":1761069636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S108932612300082X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S108932612300082X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-3261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-3261","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Autoimmune Markers in Primary Biliary Cholangitis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Liver Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2023.07.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}