{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T19:32:53Z","timestamp":1758396773298},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T12:15:57Z","timestamp":1714220157000},"page":"525-539","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Infectious Complications of Portal Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Simone","family":"Incicco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Angeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Piano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-017-9827-9","article-title":"The portal hypertension syndrome: etiology, classification, relevance, and animal models","volume":"12","author":"Bosch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1159\/000490262","article-title":"Gut-liver Axis links portal hypertension to acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"34","author":"Trebicka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Visc Med"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.01.003","article-title":"Evolution in the understanding of the pathophysiological basis of portal hypertension: How changes in paradigm are leading to successful new treatments","volume":"62","author":"Bosch","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.05.024","article-title":"Hepatic venous pressure gradient predicts clinical decompensation in patients with compensated cirrhosis","volume":"133","author":"Ripoll","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00520-7","article-title":"Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"Albillos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13645","article-title":"Infections complicating cirrhosis","volume":"38","author":"Piano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.01.024","article-title":"Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: a position statement based on the EASL Special Conference 2013","volume":"60","author":"Jalan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.005","article-title":"Epidemiology and effects of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis worldwide","volume":"156","author":"Piano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.019","article-title":"Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis","volume":"139","author":"Arvaniti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.04.022","article-title":"Bacterial infections adversely influence the risk of decompensation and survival in compensated cirrhosis","volume":"75","author":"Villanueva","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12520","article-title":"Impact of infection on the prognosis of critically ill cirrhotic patients: results from a large worldwide study","volume":"34","author":"Gustot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.07.044","article-title":"Pathological bacterial translocation in liver cirrhosis","volume":"60","author":"Wiest","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.12.011","article-title":"Non-selective betablocker therapy decreases intestinal permeability and serum levels of LBP and IL-6 in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"58","author":"Reiberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840180107","article-title":"Reduced gastric mucosal blood flow in patients with portal-hypertensive gastropathy","volume":"18","author":"Iwao","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90249-8","article-title":"Water and electrolyte movement and mucosal morphology in the jejunum of patients with portal hypertension","volume":"79","author":"Norman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200204000-00006","article-title":"Ultrastructural characteristics of distal duodenum mucosa in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"14","author":"Such","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2011.02609.x","article-title":"Altered intestinal tight junctions\u2019 expression in patients with liver cirrhosis: a pathogenetic mechanism of intestinal hyperpermeability","volume":"42","author":"Assimakopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.10.003","article-title":"The gut-liver axis in liver disease: pathophysiological basis for therapy","volume":"72","author":"Albillos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.06.017","article-title":"FXR modulates the gut-vascular barrier by regulating the entry sites for bacterial translocation in experimental cirrhosis","volume":"71","author":"Sorribas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90818-L","article-title":"The diagnosis of small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Reliability of jejunal culture and inadequacy of breath hydrogen testing","volume":"98","author":"Corazza","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05791.x","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in human cirrhosis is associated with systemic endotoxemia","volume":"97","author":"Bauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.04668.x","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with cirrhosis: prevalence and relation with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"96","author":"Bauer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07475.x","article-title":"Small intestinal motility disturbances and bacterial overgrowth in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension","volume":"98","author":"Gunnarsdottir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510310109","article-title":"Effect of propranolol on the factors promoting bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats with ascites","volume":"31","author":"P\u00e9rez-Paramo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G929","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00315.2013","article-title":"Colonic inflammation and secondary bile acids in alcoholic cirrhosis","volume":"306","author":"Kakiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24789","article-title":"Intestinal bacterial translocation in rats with cirrhosis is related to compromised Paneth cell antimicrobial host defense","volume":"55","author":"Teltschik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00796-x","article-title":"Gastric acid suppression promotes alcoholic liver disease by inducing overgrowth of intestinal Enterococcus","volume":"8","author":"Llorente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.013","article-title":"The microbiota in cirrhosis and its role in hepatic decompensation","volume":"75","author":"Trebicka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.12.019","article-title":"Altered profile of human gut microbiome is associated with cirrhosis and its complications","volume":"60","author":"Bajaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.08.054","article-title":"Alterations in gut microbiome in cirrhosis as assessed by quantitative metagenomics: relationship with acute-on-chronic liver failure and prognosis","volume":"160","author":"Sol\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.07.022","article-title":"Association between intestinal microbiota collected at hospital admission and outcomes of patients with cirrhosis","volume":"17","author":"Bajaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30349","article-title":"Intestinal immune dysregulation driven by dysbiosis promotes barrier disruption and bacterial translocation in rats with cirrhosis","volume":"70","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31263","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.238147","article-title":"Interleukin-6 (IL-6) regulates claudin-2 expression and tight junction permeability in intestinal epithelium","volume":"286","author":"Suzuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.01.046","article-title":"Interferon gamma induces translocation of commensal Escherichia coli across gut epithelial cells via a lipid raft-mediated process","volume":"128","author":"Clark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840190313","article-title":"Clinical significance of the evaluation of hepatic reticuloendothelial removal capacity in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"19","author":"Bolognesi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.11.045","article-title":"Patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure have increased numbers of regulatory immune cells expressing the receptor tyrosine kinase MERTK","volume":"148","author":"Bernsmeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314184","article-title":"CD14+ CD15- HLA-DR- myeloid-derived suppressor cells impair antimicrobial responses in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"67","author":"Bernsmeier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31644","article-title":"Programmed death ligand 1 is overexpressed in liver macrophages in chronic liver diseases, and its blockade improves the antibacterial activity against infections","volume":"74","author":"Pose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.042","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis","volume":"144","author":"Moreau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.019","article-title":"PREDICT identifies precipitating events associated with the clinical course of acutely decompensated cirrhosis","volume":"74","author":"Trebicka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314240","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal infections in acute-on-chronic liver failure: prevalence, characteristics and impact on prognosis","volume":"67","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9122632","article-title":"Leukocytes, systemic inflammation and immunopathology in acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"9","author":"Casulleras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.07.004","article-title":"Mechanisms of decompensation and organ failure in cirrhosis: from peripheral arterial vasodilation to systemic inflammation hypothesis","volume":"63","author":"Bernardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.048","article-title":"The systemic inflammation hypothesis: towards a new paradigm of acute decompensation and multiorgan failure in cirrhosis","volume":"74","author":"Arroyo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28740","article-title":"Systemic inflammation in decompensated cirrhosis: characterization and role in acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"64","author":"Cl\u00e0ria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s11901-014-0241-7","article-title":"Optimizing general management of acute variceal bleeding in cirrhosis","volume":"13","author":"Villanueva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Hepat Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.07.022","article-title":"Simvastatin prevents progression of acute on chronic liver failure in rats with cirrhosis and portal hypertension","volume":"155","author":"Tripathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.03.011","article-title":"Mechanisms of TNFalpha-induced cardiac dysfunction in cholestatic bile duct-ligated mice: interaction between TNFalpha and endocannabinoids","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26021","article-title":"Positive cardiac inotropic effect of albumin infusion in rodents with cirrhosis and ascites: molecular mechanisms","volume":"57","author":"Bortoluzzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.028","article-title":"Association between portosystemic shunts and increased complications and mortality in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"154","author":"Sim\u00f3n-Talero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.09.005","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"62","author":"Romero-G\u00f3mez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21599","article-title":"Endotoxemia produces coma and brain swelling in bile duct ligated rats","volume":"45","author":"Wright","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-7-66","article-title":"Marked potentiation of cell swelling by cytokines in ammonia-sensitized cultured astrocytes","volume":"7","author":"Rama Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.07.046","article-title":"Clinical features and evolution of bacterial infection-related acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"74","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27849","article-title":"Clinical Course of acute-on-chronic liver failure syndrome and effects on prognosis","volume":"62","author":"Gustot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.024","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis","volume":"69","author":"Angeli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21443","article-title":"Renal failure and bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis: epidemiology and clinical features","volume":"45","author":"Fasolato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib58","article-title":"Hepatorenal syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management","volume":"370","author":"Simonetto","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.07.043","article-title":"Prognostic importance of the cause of renal failure in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"140","author":"Mart\u00edn-Llah\u00ed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.01.006","article-title":"Bacterial infections in cirrhosis as a cause or consequence of decompensation?","volume":"25","author":"Piano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14842","article-title":"Isolated bacterial infection without decompensation has no impact on survival of compensated patients with cirrhosis","volume":"41","author":"Reichert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.212","article-title":"Delayed paracentesis is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"109","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2009.02088.x","article-title":"Acute-phase proteins as indicators of bacterial infection in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"29","author":"Tsiakalos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02689.x","article-title":"Acute phase proteins in the diagnosis and prediction of cirrhosis associated bacterial infections","volume":"32","author":"Papp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314324","article-title":"Assessment of Sepsis-3 criteria and quick SOFA in patients with cirrhosis and bacterial infections","volume":"67","author":"Piano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13135","article-title":"Appropriate and timely antimicrobial therapy in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis-associated septic shock: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Karvellas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.10.027","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and with acute-on-chronic liver failure in Europe","volume":"70","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.010","article-title":"Management of bacterial and fungal infections in cirrhosis: the MDRO challenge","volume":"75","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.12.042","article-title":"Rectal colonization by resistant bacteria increases the risk of infection by the colonizing strain in critically ill patients with cirrhosis","volume":"76","author":"Prado","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27941","article-title":"The empirical antibiotic treatment of nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: results of a randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"63","author":"Piano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28332","article-title":"An empirical broad spectrum antibiotic therapy in health-care-associated infections improves survival in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized trial","volume":"63","author":"Merli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.013","article-title":"Bacterial infections in acute on chronic liver failure","volume":"27","author":"Incicco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2020.0329","article-title":"Changes in the epidemiology and management of bacterial infections in cirrhosis","volume":"27","author":"Piano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.030","article-title":"Risk factors for candidaemia in hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis: a multicentre case-control-control study","volume":"27","author":"Bartoletti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.471","article-title":"Prediction of fungal infection development and their impact on survival using the NACSELD cohort","volume":"113","author":"Bajaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz032","article-title":"Extended infusion of \u03b2-lactams for bloodstream infection in patients with liver cirrhosis: an observational multicenter study","volume":"69","author":"Bartoletti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001937","article-title":"Evaluating the role of antibiotics in patients admitted to hospital with decompensated cirrhosis: Lessons from the ATTIRE trial","volume":"118","author":"Kutmutia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-015-9641-1","article-title":"Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"10","author":"Angeli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15622","article-title":"Organ dysfunction and failure in liver disease","author":"Juanola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.07.008","article-title":"Incidence, predictors and outcomes of acute-on-chronic liver failure in outpatients with cirrhosis","volume":"67","author":"Piano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.03.005","article-title":"Nonselective \u03b2 blockers increase risk for hepatorenal syndrome and death in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"146","author":"Mandorfer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908053410603","article-title":"Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"341","author":"Sort","year":"1999","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.07.055","article-title":"Efficacy of albumin treatment for patients with cirrhosis and infections unrelated to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"18","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.11.017","article-title":"Effect of albumin in cirrhotic patients with infection other than spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A randomized trial","volume":"62","author":"Th\u00e9venot","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24139","article-title":"High risk of delisting or death in liver transplant candidates following infections: results from the North American Consortium for the Study of End-Stage Liver Disease","volume":"21","author":"Reddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100808","article-title":"Impact of bacterial infections prior to liver transplantation on post-transplant outcomes in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"5","author":"Incicco","year":"2023","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1089326124000308?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1089326124000308?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]],"date-time":"2024-06-29T07:34:45Z","timestamp":1719646485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1089326124000308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1089326124000308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-3261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-3261","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Infectious Complications of Portal Hypertension","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Liver Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2024.03.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}