{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:40:44Z","timestamp":1792176044928,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["833247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["833247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T11:48:21Z","timestamp":1671623301000},"page":"109208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The impact of BCG dose and revaccination on trained immunity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"246","author":[{"given":"Priya A.","family":"Debisarun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gizem","family":"Kilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Charlotte J.","family":"de Bree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lian J.","family":"Pennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakko","family":"van Ingen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine S.","family":"Benn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Aaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helga","family":"Dijkstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Lemmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinout","family":"van Crevel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai G.","family":"Netea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0285-6","article-title":"Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Netea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17537","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202870109","article-title":"Bacille Calmette-Guerin induces NOD2-dependent nonspecific protection from reinfection via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes","volume":"109","author":"Kleinnijenhuis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.6AB0914-416R","article-title":"Vitamin A induces inhibitory histone methylation modifications and down-regulates trained immunity in human monocytes","volume":"98","author":"Arts","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.10.008","article-title":"Glutaminolysis and fumarate accumulation integrate Immunometabolic and epigenetic programs in trained immunity","volume":"24","author":"Arts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.11.011","article-title":"Immunometabolic pathways in BCG-induced trained immunity","volume":"17","author":"Arts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0030","first-page":"617","article-title":"Exp\u00e9rience de vaccination par le BCG dans la province du Norrbotten (Su\u00e8de)","volume":"12","author":"Naeslund","year":"1931","journal-title":"Revue de la Tuberculose"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2013.01.007","article-title":"Nonspecific effects of vaccines and the reduction of mortality in children","volume":"35","author":"Shann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.06.006","article-title":"The introduction of BCG vaccination to neonates in northern Sweden, 1927-31: re-analysis of historical data to understand the lower mortality among BCG-vaccinated children","volume":"40","author":"Schaltz-Buchholzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2018.06.002","article-title":"Non-specific effects of vaccines: current evidence and potential implications","volume":"39","author":"de Bree","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix525","article-title":"Early BCG-Denmark and neonatal mortality among infants weighing <2500 g: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Biering-Sorensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.12.010","article-title":"BCG vaccination protects against experimental viral infection in humans through the induction of cytokines associated with trained immunity","volume":"23","author":"Arts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08659-3","article-title":"Outcomes of controlled human malaria infection after BCG vaccination","volume":"10","author":"Walk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2021.1938550","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic: SARS-CoV-2 specific vaccines and challenges, protection via BCG trained immunity, and clinical trials","volume":"20","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv332","article-title":"BCG vaccination enhances the immunogenicity of subsequent influenza vaccination in healthy volunteers: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"212","author":"Leentjens","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.2.919","article-title":"Influence of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin on antibody and cytokine responses to human neonatal vaccination","volume":"168","author":"Ota","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.03.059","article-title":"Non-specific effect of Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine on the immune response to routine immunisations","volume":"31","author":"Ritz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016","article-title":"Revaccination with live attenuated vaccines confer additional beneficial nonspecific effects on overall survival: a review","volume":"10","author":"Benn","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.02.050","article-title":"The immunological effect of revaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine at 19 months of age","volume":"31","author":"Andersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.05.023","article-title":"Evidence of an effect of BCG revaccination on incidence of tuberculosis in school-aged children in Brazil: second report of the BCG-REVAC cluster-randomised trial","volume":"29","author":"Barreto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001012","article-title":"The BCG world atlas: a database of global BCG vaccination policies and practices","volume":"8","author":"Zwerling","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.016","article-title":"The safety of BCG revaccination: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Bannister","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv482","article-title":"Optimization of a human Bacille Calmette-Guerin challenge model: a tool to evaluate antimycobacterial immunity","volume":"213","author":"Minhinnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.04.006","article-title":"Trained immunity: a memory for innate host defense","volume":"9","author":"Netea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI18125","article-title":"Chemokine-mediated recruitment of NK cells is a critical host defense mechanism in invasive aspergillosis","volume":"112","author":"Morrison","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00606-12","article-title":"Natural killer cells and antifungal host response","volume":"20","author":"Schmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.12.002","article-title":"IL-17 regulates systemic fungal immunity by controlling the functional competence of NK cells","volume":"40","author":"Bar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501996","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) revaccination of adults with latent mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induces long-lived BCG-reactive NK cell responses","volume":"197","author":"Suliman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2012.04614.x","article-title":"Is interferon-gamma the right marker for bacille Calmette-Guerin-induced immune protection? The missing link in our understanding of tuberculosis immunology","volume":"169","author":"Abebe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.04.079","article-title":"Interferon-gamma production by mononuclear cells in Bacille Calmette-Guerin-revaccinated healthy volunteers predicted long-term antimycobacterial responses in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540701367777","article-title":"Primary vaccination and revaccination of young adults with BCG: a study using immunological markers","volume":"39","author":"Fjallbrant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.06.103","article-title":"Delaying BCG vaccination from birth to 10 weeks of age may result in an enhanced memory CD4 T cell response","volume":"27","author":"Kagina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1714021","article-title":"Prevention of M. tuberculosis Infection with H4:IC31 Vaccine or BCG Revaccination","volume":"379","author":"Nemes","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30994-4","article-title":"The effect of BCG revaccination on all-cause mortality beyond infancy: 30-year follow-up of a population-based, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial in Malawi","volume":"21","author":"Glynn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001862","article-title":"BCG vaccination is associated with reduced malaria prevalence in children under the age of 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"4","author":"Berendsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.03.038","article-title":"Age-specific changes in the female-male mortality ratio related to the pattern of vaccinations: an observational study from rural Gambia","volume":"24","author":"Aaby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000145700.77286.94","article-title":"Hepatitis B vaccination associated with higher female than male mortality in Guinea-Bissau: an observational study","volume":"23","author":"Garly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.051","article-title":"Activate: randomized clinical trial of BCG vaccination against infection in the elderly","volume":"183","author":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Clinical Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521661622002893?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521661622002893?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:10:17Z","timestamp":1761495017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521661622002893"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S1521661622002893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6616"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6616","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The impact of BCG dose and revaccination on trained immunity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109208","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109208"}}