{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T10:39:42Z","timestamp":1786790382897,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023710","name":"Hellenic Institute for the Study of Sepsis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012112","name":"Swedish Orphan Biovitrum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012112","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T02:37:31Z","timestamp":1765593451000},"page":"110656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Long-term immune and epigenetic dysregulation following COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"283","author":[{"given":"Chrysanthi","family":"Sidiropoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garyphallia","family":"Poulakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evdoxia","family":"Kyriazopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisavet","family":"Tasouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efthymia","family":"Giannitsioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Strikou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Tsilika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirini","family":"Christaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vassiliki","family":"Rapti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vassiliki","family":"Evangelopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikoletta","family":"Rovina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Iannotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Nicastri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Taddei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Florou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Angheben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bassetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Dagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyros","family":"Foutadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Adamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Stylianakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giannis","family":"Vatsellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Damoraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leda","family":"Efstratiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Damoulari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Leventogiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achilleas","family":"Laskaratos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Koufargyris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikoletta","family":"Charalampaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paraskevi","family":"Chra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aglaia","family":"Galanopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Thanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Periklis","family":"Panagopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Syrigos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Ziogas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"ter Horst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos W.M.","family":"van der Meer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantina","family":"Iliopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco Saverio","family":"Serino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Pavlaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Del Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Scorzolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bandera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agamemnon","family":"Bakakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Styliani","family":"Sympardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haralampos","family":"Milionis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai G.","family":"Netea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos J.","family":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9","article-title":"A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus","volume":"22","author":"Soriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01724-6","article-title":"Long COVID manifests with T cell dysregulation, inflammation and an uncoordinated adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"25","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0015","author":"World Health Organization"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.18931","article-title":"Estimated global proportions of individuals with persistent fatigue, cognitive, and respiratory symptom clusters following symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021","volume":"328","author":"Wulf Hanson","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01499-z","article-title":"Early treatment of COVID-19 with anakinra guided by soluble urokinase plasminogen receptor plasma levels: a double-blind, randomized controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"27","author":"Kyriazopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab352","article-title":"Development and validation of the long coronavirus disease (COVID) symptom and impact tools: a set of patient-reported instruments constructed from patients\u2019 lived experience","volume":"74","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"W1","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W537","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky379","article-title":"The galaxy platform for accessible, reproducible and collaborative biomedical analyses: 2018 update","volume":"46","author":"Afgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0040","series-title":"RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R","author":"Posit team","year":"2024"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0201-4","article-title":"Graph-based genome alignment and genotyping with HISAT2 and HISAT-genotype","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu638","article-title":"HTSeq\u2014a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data","volume":"31","author":"Anders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"issue":"W1","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W199","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz401","article-title":"WebGestalt 2019: gene set analysis toolkit with revamped UIs and APIs","volume":"47","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","article-title":"Fast gapped-read alignment with bowtie 2","volume":"9","author":"Langmead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352","article-title":"The sequence alignment\/map format and SAMtools","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R137","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2008-9-9-r137","article-title":"Model-based analysis of ChIP-seq (MACS)","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq033","article-title":"BEDTools: a flexible suite of utilities for comparing genomic features","volume":"26","author":"Quinlan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"W1","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W187","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku365","article-title":"deepTools: a flexible platform for exploring deep-sequencing data","volume":"42","author":"Ram\u00edrez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1630","article-title":"GREAT improves functional interpretation of cis-regulatory regions","volume":"28","author":"McLean","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp479","article-title":"CEAS: cis-regulatory element annotation system","volume":"25","author":"Shin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R83","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-8-r83","article-title":"Cistrome: an integrative platform for transcriptional regulation studies","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr189","article-title":"MEME-ChIP: motif analysis of large DNA datasets","volume":"27","author":"Machanick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"D1","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D729","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1094","article-title":"Cistrome data browser: expanded datasets and new tools for gene regulatory analysis","volume":"47","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.01.038","article-title":"Modification of enhancer chromatin: what, how, and why?","volume":"49","author":"Calo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-302976","article-title":"Two distinct auto-regulatory loops operate at the PU.1 locus in B cells and myeloid cells","volume":"117","author":"Leddin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-071050","article-title":"Post-acute sequelae of covid-19 six to 12 months after infection: population based study","volume":"379","author":"Peter","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4158","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12124158","article-title":"Treatment of COVID-19 during the acute phase in hospitalized patients decreases post-acute sequelae of COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Badenes Bonet","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33825-5","article-title":"Effect of remdesivir post hospitalization for COVID-19 infection from the randomized SOLIDARITY Finland trial","volume":"13","author":"Nevalainen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101785","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of early soluble urokinase plasminogen receptor plasma-guided anakinra treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia: a subgroup analysis of the SAVE-MORE randomised trial","volume":"56","author":"Akinosoglou","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.07.054","article-title":"Mechanisms of long COVID and the path toward therapeutics","volume":"187","author":"Peluso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104363","article-title":"Immunopathophysiology of human sepsis","volume":"86","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2391","article-title":"Cytokine inhibition in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized trial","volume":"166","author":"Roerink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2024.144865","article-title":"Knockdown of BATF alleviates lung injury in septic neonates through transcriptional regulation of COTL1","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04437-6","article-title":"LncTRPM2-AS inhibits TRIM21-mediated TRPM2 ubiquitination and prevents autophagy-induced apoptosis of macrophages in asthma","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.10.087","article-title":"BAX\/BAK-induced apoptosis results in caspase-8-dependent IL-1\u03b2 maturation in macrophages","volume":"25","author":"Chauhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13937","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.534594","article-title":"Critical role of aquaporins in interleukin 1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2)-induced inflammation","volume":"289","author":"Rabolli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01668-z","article-title":"Epigenetic variation impacts individual differences in the transcriptional response to influenza infection","volume":"56","author":"Aracena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."}],"container-title":["Clinical Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521661625002311?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521661625002311?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:29:01Z","timestamp":1769128141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521661625002311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S1521661625002311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6616"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6616","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Long-term immune and epigenetic dysregulation following COVID-19","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clim.2025.110656","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110656"}}