{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:21:14Z","timestamp":1792059674983,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]],"date-time":"2004-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,29]],"date-time":"2004-05-29T13:36:16Z","timestamp":1085837776000},"page":"66-75","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["Contraindications and complications with the use of botulinum toxin"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Arnold William","family":"Klein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(96)00094-1","article-title":"Mapping of protective and cross-reactive domains of the type A neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum","volume":"16","author":"Dertzbaugh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1126\/science.130.3378.763","article-title":"The most poisonous poison","volume":"130","author":"Lamanns","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199407000-00009","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A therapy for hyperkinetic facial lines","volume":"94","author":"Keen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plast and Recon Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB4","first-page":"16","article-title":"Kinetic studies on the interaction between botulinum toxin type A and the cholinergic neuromuscular junction","volume":"212","author":"Simpson","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00839205","article-title":"Clostridium botulinum toxins","volume":"239","author":"Hambleton","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01025256","article-title":"Clostridium botulinum type A, B, C1 and E produce proteins with or without hemagglutinating activity","volume":"10","author":"Somers","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Protein Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(82)90061-4","article-title":"Clostridium botulinum toxins","volume":"19","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.7.6.374-377.1959","article-title":"Physiology of toxin production by Clostridium botulinum types A and B. III. Effect of pH and temperature during incubation on growth, autolysis, and toxin production","volume":"7","author":"Bonventre","year":"1959","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1954.tb17486.x","article-title":"Inhibition of the growth of Clostridium botulinum by acidification","volume":"19","author":"Townsend","year":"1954","journal-title":"Food Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB10","first-page":"181","article-title":"Quality control issues in the analysis of lyophilized proteins","volume":"74","author":"Baffi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Develop Biol Standard"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB11","unstructured":"Borodic GE, Ferranter. Orbicularis muscle histology after repetitive injections of botulinum A toxin. Presented in annual meeting of American Academy of Ophthalmology; Atlanta, Georgia; 1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.1.189","article-title":"Human response to botulinum toxin injection","volume":"49","author":"Sloop","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1054\/jocn.2000.0684","article-title":"The current use of botulinum toxin","volume":"7","author":"Mahant","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880100610","article-title":"Distant effects of local injection of botulinum toxin","volume":"10","author":"Lange","year":"1987","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.11.1780","article-title":"Neuromuscular effects distant from the site of botulinum neurotoxin injection","volume":"38","author":"Olney","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.67.1.90","article-title":"Generalised muscular weakness after botulinum toxin injections for dystonia","volume":"67","author":"Bhatia","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(1997)6+<129::AID-MUS9>3.3.CO;2-B","article-title":"Botulinum toxin","volume":"20","author":"Jankovic","year":"1997","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB18","first-page":"59","article-title":"Botulinum toxin","volume":"4","author":"Brin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.123.4.389","article-title":"The management of hyperfunctional facial lines with botulinum toxin","volume":"123","author":"Blitzer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-0512(98)00181-2","article-title":"Treatment of hyperfunctional lines of the face with botulinum toxin A","volume":"24","author":"Binder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(96)00091-5","article-title":"Botulinum toxin as a therapeutic agent","volume":"72","author":"Tsui","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB22","first-page":"178","article-title":"Terminal nerve and motor end plate changes in human orbicularis muscle following botulinum A exotoxin injection","volume":"31","author":"Holds","year":"1990","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.7.1431","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia","volume":"53","author":"Brin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(85)90797-4","article-title":"Sequelae of botulinum toxin injection","volume":"100","author":"Lingua","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(86)33520-6","article-title":"Ptosis associated with botulinum toxin treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm","volume":"93","author":"Burns","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB26","unstructured":"Scott, AB. Botulinum toxin treatment of strabismus (Focal Points 1989 Clinical Modules for Ophthalmologists, no. 7). San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology, 1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-199303340-00016","article-title":"Pharmacology of botulinum toxin","volume":"33","author":"Gonnering","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB28","unstructured":"Wilson, F. Botulinum toxin-A risks overcome by proper technique. Cosmetic Surg Times; Mar, 2001;12"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870020402","article-title":"Localized injections of botulinum toxin for the treatment of focal dystonia and hemifacial spasm","volume":"2","author":"Brin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Movement Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.8.1213","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of spasmodic torticollis","volume":"40","author":"Greene","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198802000-00015","article-title":"The use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of focal laryngeal dystonia (Spastic dysphonia)","volume":"98","author":"Blitzer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.9.1743","article-title":"Response and immunoresistance to botulinum toxin injections","volume":"45","author":"Jankovic","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(88)90016-5","article-title":"Negative antibody response to long-term treatment of facial spasm with botulinum toxin","volume":"105","author":"Gonnering","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.3.506","article-title":"Comparison of therapeutic efficacies of type A and F botulinum toxins for blepharospasm","volume":"45","author":"Mezaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludlow CL, Hallett M, Rhew K et al. Therapeutic use of type F botulinum toxin. N Engl J Med 1992 (letter);326:349-50","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199201303260516"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130128","article-title":"Variability of the immunologic and clinical response in dystonic patients immunoresistant to botulinum toxin injections","volume":"13","author":"Sankhla","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1997.6580","article-title":"Botulinum A toxin therapy","volume":"147","author":"G\u00f6schel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB38","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. Clinical use of botulinum toxin. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference; 1990;8:1-20"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.1.26","article-title":"Botulinum toxin therapy, immunologic resistance and problems with available materials","volume":"46","author":"Borodic","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB40","unstructured":"Botox product monograph. Botox (Botulinum toxin type A) purified neurotoxin complex: Advanced toxin technology. Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA; 1998; Rx 9161"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB41","unstructured":"Personal communication from Alastair Carruthers, MD. May, 1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-0512(96)00341-X","article-title":"Cosmetic therapy with botulinum toxin","volume":"22","author":"Klein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB43","first-page":"155","article-title":"The origin, structure, and pharmacological activity of botulinum toxin","volume":"33","author":"Simpson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB44","first-page":"609","article-title":"Distant effects of locally injected botulinum toxin","volume":"50","author":"Lange","year":"1993","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1993.01880210108015","article-title":"Botulinum toxin for the treatment of hyperfunctional lines of the face","volume":"119","author":"Blitzer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1992.tb03295.x","article-title":"Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. botulinum-A exotoxin","volume":"18","author":"Carruthers","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Dermatol surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/1076-0512(95)00464-5","article-title":"Cosmetic denervation of the muscles of facial expression with botulinum toxin","volume":"22","author":"Garcia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB48","series-title":"Handbook of botulinum toxin treatment","first-page":"16","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxins","author":"Hambleton","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199404001-00003","article-title":"Aesthetic indications for botulinum toxin","volume":"93","author":"Guyuron","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg;"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB50","unstructured":"Carruthers, A, Carruthers, J. Cosmetic uses of botulinum A exotoxin. Adv Dermatol 12. Moseby Yearbook, Inc. 1997;325-47"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB51","first-page":"1332","article-title":"Assessment","volume":"40(9)","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.124.3.321","article-title":"Chemical brow lift","volume":"124","author":"Fraenkel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)90016-X","article-title":"Botulinum A exotoxin use in clinical dermatology","volume":"34","author":"Carruthers","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB54","unstructured":"Burns, RL. Complications of botulinum exotoxin. 25th Annual Clinical and Scientific Meeting of the ASDS; Portland, OR; May, 1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30644-1","article-title":"The use of botulinum A toxin to ameliorate facial kinetic frown lines","volume":"103","author":"Foster","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology,"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB56","first-page":"389","article-title":"Botulinum A exotoxin in clinical ophthalmology","volume":"30","author":"Carruthers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can J Opthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199104253241707","article-title":"Therapeutic uses of botulinum toxin","volume":"324","author":"Jankovic","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-0512(98)00176-9","article-title":"Cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin for the aging neck","volume":"24","author":"Brandt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB59","first-page":"11","article-title":"The use of botulinum toxin to treat glabellar frown lines and other facial wrinkles","volume":"7","author":"Carruthers","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.11.1437","article-title":"Botulinum toxin and sweating","volume":"57","author":"Bushara","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2000.00066.x","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A as a migraine preventive treatment","volume":"40","author":"Silberstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026_BIB62","unstructured":"Brin, MF, Swope, DM, Abassi, S, et al Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) for migraine: double blind, placebo controlled, region specific evaluation. Poster presented at: Headache World 2000; September, 2000; London, UK. Poster 1196"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0738081X03001500?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0738081X03001500?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T05:10:15Z","timestamp":1585804215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0738081X03001500"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"references-count":62,"aliases":["10.1016\/s0738-081x(03)00150-0"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0738081X03001500"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2003.12.026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0738-081X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0738-081X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}}}