{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:14:17Z","timestamp":1786986857798,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]],"date-time":"2005-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1109635200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,30]],"date-time":"2005-03-30T07:19:15Z","timestamp":1112167155000},"page":"144-147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Life-threatening necrotizing fasciitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Erika Gaines","family":"Levine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Manders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91956-9","article-title":"Hippocrates on necrotising fasciitis","volume":"344","author":"Descamps","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.1.298","article-title":"Severe streptococcal infections in historical perspective","volume":"14","author":"Katz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(05)70430-7","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis: the changing spectrum","volume":"15","author":"Stone","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.9.2382-2387.1995","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological features of necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"33","author":"Brook","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.89.3.307","article-title":"Current knowledge of type-specific M antigens of group A streptococci","volume":"89","author":"Lancefield","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199601000-00008","article-title":"The reemergence of serious group A streptococcal infections and acute rheumatic fever","volume":"311","author":"Bronze","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.277.1.38","article-title":"An outbreak of invasive group A streptococcal disease associated with high carriage rates of the invasive clone among school-aged children","volume":"277","author":"Cockerill","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.4.901","article-title":"Genetic and phenotypic diversity among isolate of Streptococcus pyogenes from invasive infections","volume":"173","author":"Chausee","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s12019-000-0015-8","article-title":"Group A streptococcus necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"26","author":"File","year":"2000","journal-title":"Compr. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.4.977","article-title":"Could nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) enhance the progression of bacterial infections to toxic shock syndrome?","volume":"21","author":"Stevens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.1.2","article-title":"Invasive group A streptococcus infections","volume":"14","author":"Stevens","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib12","first-page":"1691","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"53","author":"Kotrappa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.65.5.241","article-title":"Diagnosing and treating the \u201cflesh-eating bacteria syndrome\u201d","volume":"65","author":"File","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cleve. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800780722","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"78","author":"Asfar","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-8422(23)00831-5","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"13","author":"Harmonson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1995.tb00609.x","article-title":"\u201cFlesh-eating bacteria\u201d: return of an old nemesis","volume":"34","author":"Morantes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1086\/313980","article-title":"The initial outpatient-physician encounter in group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"31","author":"Bisno","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1977.tb07137.x","article-title":"Erysipelas and necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"96","author":"Hammar","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib19","first-page":"145","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis: a diagnostic challenge","volume":"56","author":"Meltzer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199905060-00003","article-title":"Clinical experience with 20 cases of group A streptococcus necrotizing fasciitis and myonecrosis: 1995 to 1997","volume":"103","author":"Haywood","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00160-5","article-title":"Population-based surveillance for group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis: clinical features, prognostic indicators, and microbiologic analysis of seventy-seven cases","volume":"103","author":"Kaul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib22","first-page":"357","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"161","author":"Pessa","year":"1985","journal-title":"Surg. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199601253340407","article-title":"Streptococcal infections of skin and soft tissues","volume":"334","author":"Bisno","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.101.6.664","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci","volume":"101","author":"Buchanan","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198406283102601","article-title":"Early recognition of potentially fatal necrotizing fasciitis: the use of frozen section biopsy","volume":"310","author":"Stamenkovic","year":"1984","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(99)00259-7","article-title":"Objective criteria may assist in distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from nonnecrotizing soft tissue infection","volume":"179","author":"Wall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib27","first-page":"684","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis: don't wait to make a diagnosis","volume":"14","author":"Stevens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199302000-00009","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging for early diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"9","author":"Zittergruen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr. Emerg. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.31.2.213","article-title":"Effect of antibiotics on toxin production and viability of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"31","author":"Stevens","year":"1987","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.132.1.67","article-title":"Group A streptococcal infections. An old adversary reemerging with new tricks?","volume":"132","author":"Feingold","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib31","first-page":"847","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for necrotizing fasciitis reduces mortality and the need for debridements","volume":"10","author":"Riseman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(05)80278-8","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis: an indication for hyperbaric oxygen therapy?","volume":"118","author":"Shupak","year":"1995","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92548-8","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"343","author":"Yong","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.267.24.3315","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for toxic shock syndrome","volume":"267","author":"Barry","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.8.3057","article-title":"Plasma from patients with severe group A streptococcal infections treated with normal polyspecific IgG inhibits streptococcal superantigen induced T-cell proliferation and cytokine expression","volume":"156","author":"Norrby-Teglund","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(83)90140-X","article-title":"Early diagnosis, nutritional support, and immediate extensive debridement improve survival in necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"145","author":"Majeski","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(05)70313-2","article-title":"Infectious disease update","volume":"19","author":"Manders","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70314-7","article-title":"Toxin-mediated streptococcal and staphylococcal disease","volume":"39","author":"Manders","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.03097.x","article-title":"Streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis and the dermatologist","volume":"141","author":"Cox","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(77)90283-5","article-title":"Bacteriology of necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"134","author":"Giuliano","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-200111000-00009","article-title":"Fournier's gangrene: etiology, treatment and complications","volume":"47","author":"Kilic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.138.7.893","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis: report of 39 pediatric cases","volume":"138","author":"Fustes-Morales","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120536","article-title":"Fulminant group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis: clinical and pathologic findings in 7 patients","volume":"47","author":"Dahl","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200104000-00003","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"14","author":"Seal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-003-0021-y","article-title":"Necrotizing soft tissue infections","volume":"5","author":"File","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."}],"container-title":["Clinics in Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0738081X04001142?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0738081X04001142?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T07:00:14Z","timestamp":1706079614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0738081X04001142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0738081X04001142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0738-081X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0738-081X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]}}}