{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:15:26Z","timestamp":1786986926781,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["patient-research.elsevier.com","cidjournal.com","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,23]],"date-time":"2014-08-23T06:20:40Z","timestamp":1408774840000},"page":"599-615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Lymphedema and subclinical lymphostasis (microlymphedema) facilitate cutaneous infection, inflammatory dermatoses, and neoplasia: A locus minoris resistentiae"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"J. Andrew","family":"Carlson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2010.04.003","article-title":"Lymphatic lipid transport: Sewer or subway? Trends in endocrinology and metabolism","volume":"21","author":"Dixon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2008.00990.x","article-title":"Localized lymphedema (elephantiasis): A case series and review of the literature","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e3181ef2d65","article-title":"Lymphangiectases are common underlying warts and in normal peritumoral skin: Histologic evidence of decreased immune surveillance","volume":"33","author":"Paul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0020","first-page":"362","article-title":"Treated Whipple disease with erythema nodosum leprosum-like lesions: Cutaneous pas-positive macrophages slowly decrease with time and are associated with lymphangiectases: A case report","volume":"32","author":"Paul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr347","article-title":"Comment on: Evidence of lifetime susceptibility to Tropheryma whipplei in patients with Whipple's disease","volume":"66","author":"Carlson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.10.013","article-title":"Histologic assessment of dermatochalasis: Elastolysis and lymphostasis are fundamental and interrelated findings","volume":"118","author":"Nagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2011.1536","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus exhibiting histologic signs of lymphedema: An essential factor in the pathogenesis of verruciform xanthoma","volume":"148","author":"Carlson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31828d3989","article-title":"A clinicopathologic study of labia minora hypertrophy: Signs of localized lymphedema were universal","volume":"18","author":"Barrett","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120909","article-title":"Lymphedema: An immunologically vulnerable site for development of neoplasms","volume":"47","author":"Ruocco","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2007.03244.x","article-title":"Lymphedematous areas: Privileged sites for tumors, infections, and immune disorders","volume":"46","author":"Ruocco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0055","series-title":"F\u00f6ldi's Textbook of Lymphology","author":"F\u00f6ldi","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2545","article-title":"The lymphatic vasculature in disease","volume":"17","author":"Alitalo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0065","series-title":"Medscape Reference [serial on the Internet]","article-title":"Lymphedema","author":"Rossy","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soncn.2012.11.002","article-title":"Pathophysiology of lymphedema","volume":"29","author":"Ridner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Oncol Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081X(95)00096-X","article-title":"Causes and clinical manifestations of lymphatic failure","volume":"13","author":"Harwood","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0080","first-page":"1","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema: 2013 Consensus Document of the International Society of Lymphology","volume":"46","author":"International Society of Lymphology","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.07081.x","article-title":"Interdigital lesions and frequency of acute dermatolymphangioadenitis in lymphoedema in a filariasis-endemic area","volume":"154","author":"McPherson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-0168","article-title":"The epidemiology of arm and hand swelling in premenopausal breast cancer survivors","volume":"16","author":"Paskett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000257149.42922.7e","article-title":"Lymphedema: A comprehensive review","volume":"59","author":"Warren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22684","article-title":"Lymphedema after gynecologic cancer treatment: Prevalence, correlates, and supportive care needs","volume":"109","author":"Beesley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0004-8666.2003.00040.x","article-title":"Aetiology and prevalence of lower limb lymphoedema following treatment for gynaecological cancer","volume":"43","author":"Ryan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-010-0246-1","article-title":"Lymphedema and breast cancer: A review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Stamatakos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/89.5.377","article-title":"The prevalence of arm oedema following treatment for breast cancer","volume":"89","author":"Mortimer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.41.8574","article-title":"Cancer-related lymphedema risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and impact: A review","volume":"30","author":"Paskett","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e318211910e","article-title":"Massive localized lymphedema: Review of an emerging problem and report of a complex case in the mons pubis","volume":"68","author":"Brewer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1005-1023","article-title":"Lymph makes you fat","volume":"37","author":"Schneider","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.04.047","article-title":"Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa: An institutional analysis of 21 cases","volume":"64","author":"Dean","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0140","first-page":"113","article-title":"Symptom burden and infection occurrence among individuals with extremity lymphedema","volume":"45","author":"Ridner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0145","first-page":"51","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema. 2009 Concensus Document of the International Society of Lymphology","volume":"42","author":"International Society of Lymphology","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2010.01394.x","article-title":"A new classification system for primary lymphatic dysplasias based on phenotype","volume":"77","author":"Connell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2012.04.004","article-title":"Phlebolymphedema: Disregarded cause of immunocompromised district","volume":"30","author":"Ruocco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60164","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060164","article-title":"Lymphatic and angiogenic candidate genes predict the development of secondary lymphedema following breast cancer surgery","volume":"8","author":"Miaskowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2008.1524","article-title":"HGF and MET mutations in primary and secondary lymphedema","volume":"6","author":"Finegold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1593\/tlo.10190","article-title":"Human lymphatic architecture and dynamic transport imaged using near-infrared fluorescence","volume":"3","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030254","article-title":"Inflammatory Manifestations of Experimental Lymphatic Insufficiency","volume":"3","author":"Tabibiazar","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02942.x","article-title":"Antiinfection immunity and autoimmunity","volume":"958","author":"Zinkernagel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18784","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116152108","article-title":"Impaired lymphatic contraction associated with immunosuppression","volume":"108","author":"Liao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1997.tb01553.x","article-title":"Evidence for altered cell-mediated immunity in postmastectomy lymphoedema","volume":"137","author":"Mallon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1960.tb23186.x","article-title":"Effect of surgical ablation of regional lymph nodes on survival of skin homografts","volume":"87","author":"Stark","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-196501000-00009","article-title":"The role of the lymph trunks in the response to allogeneic skin transplants","volume":"3","author":"Lambert","year":"1965","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31821d2661","article-title":"Targeting lymphangiogenesis after islet transplantation prolongs islet allograft survival","volume":"92","author":"Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0909-993","article-title":"Blocking the path of lymphatic vessels","volume":"15","author":"Skobe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1054\/bjps.1999.3200","article-title":"Multiple cutaneous malignancies arising in limbs with signs of lymphatic insufficiency in transplant patients","volume":"52","author":"Bordea","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2006.05.009","article-title":"Secondary lymphedema in the mouse tail: Lymphatic hyperplasia, VEGF-C upregulation, and the protective role of MMP-9","volume":"72","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20010915)92:6<1368::AID-CNCR1459>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Lymphedema in a cohort of breast carcinoma survivors 20years after diagnosis","volume":"92","author":"Petrek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-008-9940-5","article-title":"Risk factors for arm lymphedema following breast cancer diagnosis in black women and white women","volume":"113","author":"Meeske","year":"2009","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4741.2009.00855.x","article-title":"Obesity is a risk factor for developing postoperative lymphedema in breast cancer patients","volume":"16","author":"Helyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Breast J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2006.4404","article-title":"Adipose tissue dominates chronic arm lymphedema following breast cancer: An analysis using volume rendered CT images","volume":"4","author":"Brorson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2012.05.023","article-title":"Massive localized lymphedema of the male external genitalia: A clinicopathologic study of 6 cases","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E46","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31829cf432","article-title":"Massive localized lymphedema of the vulva: Report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Heller","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e31828bb332","article-title":"Massive localized lymphedema revisited: A quickly rising complication of the obesity epidemic","author":"Chopra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-008-0623-8","article-title":"Chronic lymphedema due to morbid obesity: An exceptional cause of abdominal wall angiosarcoma","volume":"453","author":"Salas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2011.01703.x","article-title":"Cutaneous angiosarcoma arising in massive localized lymphedema of the morbidly obese: A report of five cases and review of the literature","volume":"38","author":"Shon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-196909000-00026","article-title":"Lymphedema in face scars","volume":"62","author":"Van Duyn","year":"1969","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197412000-00027","article-title":"First appearance of lymphedema in facial scars","volume":"67","author":"Van Duyn","year":"1974","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000258449.23979.3f","article-title":"Scar lymphedema: Fact or fiction?","volume":"59","author":"Warren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.08.011","article-title":"Scrotal elephantiasis secondary to hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"64","author":"Good","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.04.001","article-title":"Unusual presentation of hidradenitis suppurativa with massive enlargement of penis","volume":"64","author":"Baughman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0b013e3181fde244","article-title":"Localized lymphedema of the vulva: A clinicopathologic study of 2 cases and a review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Fadare","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.12.018","article-title":"Deroofing: A tissue-saving surgical technique for the treatment of mild to moderate hidradenitis suppurativa lesions","volume":"63","author":"van der Zee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1983.tb01057.x","article-title":"The importance of elastic fibres in skin lymphatics","volume":"108","author":"Mortimer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18 S","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12580899","article-title":"Structure and function of lymphatics","volume":"93","author":"Ryan","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2006.00695.x","article-title":"Lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in non-phymatous rosacea","volume":"34","author":"Gomaa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(00)90220-2","article-title":"The clinicopathologic spectrum of rhinophyma","volume":"42","author":"Aloi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e31815cd937","article-title":"Otophyma: A case report and review of the literature of lymphedema (elephantiasis) of the ear","volume":"30","author":"Carlson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0330","first-page":"555","article-title":"Angiosarcoma arising on rhinophyma","volume":"10","author":"Gallardo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1967.01600330008002","article-title":"Rhinophyma with carcinoma","volume":"95","author":"Acker","year":"1967","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1064456","article-title":"Clinical and histologic variants of rhinophyma, including nonsurgical treatment modalities","volume":"14","author":"Jansen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2005.01929.x","article-title":"Basal cell carcinoma lurking within gross rhinophyma","volume":"31","author":"McKenna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200209010-00023","article-title":"Rhinophyma: Review and update","volume":"110","author":"Rohrich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0355","first-page":"201","article-title":"Rhinophyma and coexisting occult skin cancers","volume":"27","author":"Lutz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1991.tb00575.x","article-title":"Sebaceous carcinoma: An unusual cause of a rapidly enlarging rhinophyma","volume":"124","author":"Motley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3109\/02844317809010485","article-title":"Rhinophyma and angiosarcoma of the nose. A case report","volume":"12","author":"Traaholt","year":"1978","journal-title":"Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1988.01670070065021","article-title":"Basal cell carcinoma mimicking rhinophyma. Case report and literature review","volume":"124","author":"Keefe","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689208500419","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma arising in rhinophyma","volume":"85","author":"Ross","year":"1992","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100078075","article-title":"Rhinophyma and intranasal carcinoma","volume":"87","author":"Kornblut","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e3181986cc2","article-title":"Intralymphatic histiocytosis. A clinicopathologic study of 16 cases","volume":"31","author":"Requena","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0390","first-page":"1208","article-title":"Intralymphatic histiocytosis associated with orthopedic implants","volume":"10","author":"Saggar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1159\/000330561","article-title":"Pressure bandage as an effective treatment for intralymphatic histiocytosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"223","author":"Washio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0560.2001.028008419.x","article-title":"Granulomatous lymphangitis of the scrotum and penis. Report of a case and review of the literature of genital swelling with sarcoidal granulomatous inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Murphy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.123166","article-title":"The forgotten role of lymphangitis in Crohn's disease","volume":"57","author":"Van Kruiningen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2003.00573.x","article-title":"Ano-genital granulomatosis: The counterpart of oro-facial granulomatosis","volume":"17","author":"van de Scheur","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0415","first-page":"243","article-title":"New development in Crohn's disease: Unravelling the mystery and its reinstatement as a surgically treatable condition. Part 2. Potential etiopathogenesis of \"terminal ileitis\" and extension of the disease to mesenteric small intestine and the colon","volume":"52","author":"Tonelli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chir Ital"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1999.tb01820.x","article-title":"Acquired vulvar lymphangioma mimicking genital warts. A case report and review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"Mu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0425","series-title":"F\u00f6ldi's Textbook of Lymphology","first-page":"224","article-title":"Morphologic changes in lymphedema and tumors","author":"Kaiserling","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0430","first-page":"s12","article-title":"The role of elastin and collagen in cutaneous aging: Intrinsic aging versus photoexposure","volume":"7","author":"Uitto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700988","article-title":"How different wavelengths of the ultraviolet spectrum contribute to skin carcinogenesis: The role of cellular damage responses","volume":"127","author":"Runger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1586\/17469872.2.4.451","article-title":"Mechanism of UV-related carcinogenesis and its contribution to nevi\/melanoma","volume":"2","author":"Brozyna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Rev Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(195309)6:5<963::AID-CNCR2820060515>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin","volume":"6","author":"Slaughter","year":"1953","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0450","first-page":"441","article-title":"Actinic keratosis: Precancer, squamous cell carcinoma, or marker of field cancerization?","volume":"144","author":"Deltondo","year":"2009","journal-title":"G Ital Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0455","first-page":"6102","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation and immunology: Something new under the sun-presidential address","volume":"54","author":"Kripke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI33508","article-title":"A nervous breakdown in the skin: Stress and the epidermal barrier","volume":"117","author":"Slominski","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.1999.00105.x","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation-induced tolerance","volume":"54","author":"Schwarz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.2.1036","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation-induced regulatory T cells not only inhibit the induction but can suppress the effector phase of contact hypersensitivity","volume":"172","author":"Schwarz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2007.05.003","article-title":"Reduction of lymphatic vessels in photodamaged human skin","volume":"47","author":"Kajiya","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1996.tb01292.x","article-title":"Cutaneous lymphangiectases associated with severe photoaging and topical corticosteroid application","volume":"23","author":"Pena","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2008.02909.x","article-title":"Cutaneous lymphangiectasia associated with photoageing and topical corticosteroid application","volume":"34","author":"Back","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.08.011","article-title":"Immunosuppression may be present within condyloma acuminata","volume":"59","author":"Le Poole","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.6.2509-2514.2003","article-title":"General acquisition of human papillomavirus infections of skin occurs in early infancy","volume":"41","author":"Antonsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11636","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.24.11636-11641.2000","article-title":"The ubiquity and impressive genomic diversity of human skin papillomaviruses suggest a commensalic nature of these viruses","volume":"74","author":"Antonsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19971104)73:3<356::AID-IJC9>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Prevailing papillomavirus types in non-melanoma carcinomas of the skin in renal allograft recipients","volume":"73","author":"de Villiers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.18836-0","article-title":"Prevalence and type spectrum of human papillomaviruses in healthy skin samples collected in three continents","volume":"84","author":"Antonsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0515","first-page":"443","article-title":"Viral latency\u2014the papillomavirus model","volume":"106","author":"Broker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0520","first-page":"254","article-title":"Widespread oral papillomatosis due to chronic buccal trauma","volume":"43","author":"Mosovich","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1994.tb06874.x","article-title":"Cutaneous warts in butchers","volume":"130","author":"Keefe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.1995.9939105","article-title":"Common hand warts in athletes: Association with trauma to the hand","volume":"44","author":"Roach","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07879-0","article-title":"Warts from minor trauma","volume":"359","author":"French","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0540","article-title":"Warts (non-genital)","volume":"2007","author":"Nai-Ming","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Evid (Online)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.09.024","article-title":"Erythema nodosum-like lesions in treated Whipple's disease: Signs of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Schaller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2009.01309.x","article-title":"Where does the antigen of cutaneous sarcoidosis come from?","volume":"37","author":"Kurata","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e31823db5c1","article-title":"Conidiobolomycosis in a young Malaysian woman showing chronic localized fibrosing leukocytoclastic vasculitis: A case report and meta-analysis focusing on clinicopathologic and therapeutic correlations with outcome","volume":"34","author":"Choon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2011.01691.x","article-title":"Verruciform xanthoma: Localized lymphedema (elephantiasis) is an essential pathogenic factor","volume":"39","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199706000-00010","article-title":"Localized chronic fibrosing vasculitis of the skin: An inflammatory reaction that occurs in settings other than erythema elevatum diutinum and granuloma faciale","volume":"21","author":"Carlson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-198610000-00005","article-title":"The evolution of lesions in erythema elevatum diutinum","volume":"8","author":"LeBoit","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr032","article-title":"Evidence of lifetime susceptibility to Tropheryma whipplei in patients with Whipple's disease","volume":"66","author":"Lagier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.338-381.2006","article-title":"The continuing challenges of leprosy","volume":"19","author":"Scollard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e3181e8b587","article-title":"The immunopathobiology of syphilis: The manifestations and course of syphilis are determined by the level of delayed-type hypersensitivity","volume":"33","author":"Carlson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.73.1.52","article-title":"Lymphatics in leprosy: Relationship to elastic fibres and observations following intra-lesional injections of colloidal carbon","volume":"73","author":"Ryan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(03)00126-6","article-title":"Whipple's disease: Immunospecific and quantitative immunohistochemical study of intestinal biopsy specimens","volume":"34","author":"Lepidi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081X(95)00094-V","article-title":"Lymphatics and the processing of antigen","volume":"13","author":"Ryan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1209-y","article-title":"Changing paradigms in Whipple's disease and infection with Tropheryma whipplei","volume":"30","author":"Moos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0300-9475.2004.01460.x","article-title":"On immunity against infections and vaccines: Credo 2004","volume":"60","author":"Zinkernagel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0615","series-title":"Histologic diagnosis of inflammatory skin diseases: An algorithmic method based on pattern analysis","first-page":"826","article-title":"Lymphedema","author":"Ackerman","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0620","series-title":"Rook\/Wilkinson\/Ebling Textbook of dermatology","first-page":"2277","article-title":"Disorders of lymphatic vessels","author":"Mortimer","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804675","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/804675","article-title":"Lymphedema and therapeutic lymphangiogenesis","volume":"2013","author":"Saito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03345.x","article-title":"The immunocompromised district: A unifying concept for limphoedematous, herpes-infected and otherwise damaged sites","volume":"23","author":"Ruocco","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0738081X14000984?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0738081X14000984?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]],"date-time":"2023-07-16T02:07:23Z","timestamp":1689473243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0738081X14000984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0738081X14000984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0738-081X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0738-081X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lymphedema and subclinical lymphostasis (microlymphedema) facilitate cutaneous infection, inflammatory dermatoses, and neoplasia: A locus minoris resistentiae","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}