{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T15:01:51Z","timestamp":1794322911571,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]],"date-time":"2017-09-08T09:01:12Z","timestamp":1504861272000},"page":"14-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":626,"title":["Pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"McCracken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Monaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiva","family":"Sreenivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.37.12.1595","article-title":"Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease","volume":"37","author":"Reaven","year":"1988","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation","volume":"15","author":"Alberti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.1999.00059.x","article-title":"Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR)","volume":"16","author":"Balkau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.19.2486","volume":"285","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.9.S2.5","article-title":"American College of Endocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Einhorn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67402-8","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome\u2014a new worldwide definition","volume":"366","author":"Alberti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: An American Heart Association\/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement","volume":"112","author":"Grundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.4260","article-title":"Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States, 2003-2012","volume":"313","author":"Aguilar","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.064","article-title":"Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome in the adult U.S. population, 1999-2010","volume":"62","author":"Beltr\u00e1n-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803797","article-title":"Does the constellation of risk factors with and without abdominal adiposity associate with different cardiovascular mortality risk?","volume":"32","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.02998.x","article-title":"Gender differences in prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Mabry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66233","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066233","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a Chinese elderly population: 2001-2010","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-6-75","article-title":"Does family history of metabolic syndrome affect the metabolic profile phenotype in young healthy individuals?","volume":"6","author":"Lipi\u0144ska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47791","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047791","article-title":"Active smoking and risk of metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.4.427","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome: Prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994","volume":"163","author":"Park","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3453-z","article-title":"Dose-response relationships between sedentary behaviour and the metabolic syndrome and its components","volume":"58","author":"Gennuso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.689935","article-title":"Soft drink consumption and risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in the community","volume":"116","author":"Dhingra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e157","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20724","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverages and prevalence of the metabolically abnormal phenotype in the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"22","author":"Green","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3833","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2788","article-title":"Patterns of alcohol consumption and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.716159","article-title":"Dietary intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study","volume":"117","author":"Lutsey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.503805","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome: A prospective study of men and women","volume":"112","author":"LaMonte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-193","article-title":"Association between television viewing and the risk of metabolic syndrome in a community-based population","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-246","article-title":"Impact of lipodystrophy on the prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients","volume":"11","author":"Freitas","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.7.1273","article-title":"Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among patients receiving clozapine","volume":"163","author":"Lamberti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66378-7","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome","volume":"365","author":"Eckel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2013.tb00484.x","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: Underlying causes and modification by exercise training","volume":"3","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/414799a","article-title":"Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism","volume":"414","author":"Saltiel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R236","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)00777-7","article-title":"The insulin signalling pathway","volume":"12","author":"Lizcano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5009","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00797-10","article-title":"Insulin regulates adipocyte lipolysis via an Akt-independent signaling pathway","volume":"30","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm782","article-title":"Regulated transport of the glucose transporter GLUT4","volume":"3","author":"Bryant","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00024.2006","article-title":"Disordered lipid metabolism and the pathogenesis of insulin resistance","volume":"87","author":"Savage","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0548","article-title":"FoxO6 integrates insulin signaling with gluconeogenesis in the liver","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06128","article-title":"Insulin modulates gluconeogenesis by inhibition of the coactivator TORC2","volume":"449","author":"Dentin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05861","article-title":"Akt\/PKB regulates hepatic metabolism by directly inhibiting PGC-1alpha transcription coactivator","volume":"447","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.14.3.173","article-title":"Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"14","author":"DeFronzo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.38.12.1595","article-title":"Insulin regulation of lipolysis in nondiabetic and IDDM subjects","volume":"38","author":"Jensen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2003.12.022","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all-causes: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II Mortality Study","volume":"173","author":"Ford","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.68.975","article-title":"Adiponectin as a biomarker of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Ryo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2031","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01058.2004","article-title":"Adipokines: Molecular links between obesity and atheroslcerosis","volume":"288","author":"Lau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2008.07.002","article-title":"The adipocyte as an endocrine cell","volume":"37","author":"Halberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M500294-JLR200","article-title":"Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans","volume":"46","author":"Cinti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943162","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/943162","article-title":"A comprehensive review on metabolic syndrome","volume":"2014","author":"Kaur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiol Res Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2005.07.007","article-title":"Interleukin-6-174 G > C polymorphism affects the association between IL-6 plasma levels and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"71","author":"Testa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0225","first-page":"13491","article-title":"Association between IL-6 and related risk factors of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in young rats","volume":"8","author":"Bao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.11.041","article-title":"Social disruption stress increases IL-6 levels and accelerates atherosclerosis in ApoE-\/- mice","volume":"221","author":"Bernberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2494-4","article-title":"Metformin ameliorates IL-6-induced hepatic insulin resistance via induction of orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP) in mouse models","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(99)00138-8","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor alpha and the cardiovascular system: Its role in cardiac allograft rejection and heart disease","volume":"43","author":"Azzawi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12267","article-title":"An evolution in switching therapy for psoriasis patients who fail to meet treatment goals","volume":"28","author":"Kerdel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000242905.41404.68","article-title":"PAI-1 and the metabolic syndrome: links, causes, and consequences","volume":"26","author":"Alessi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21625","article-title":"Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome","volume":"114","author":"Furukawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.13800","article-title":"Systematic review of metabolic syndrome biomarkers: A panel for early detection, management, and risk stratification in the West Virginian population","volume":"13","author":"Srikanthan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000099786.99623.EF","article-title":"Adiponectin and metabolic syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Matsuzawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1777","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01087.2005","article-title":"Interaction of electrophilic lipid oxidation products with mitochondria in endothelial cells and formation of reactive oxygen species","volume":"290","author":"Landar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0738081X1730158X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0738081X1730158X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T12:58:30Z","timestamp":1750856310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0738081X1730158X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0738081X1730158X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0738-081X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0738-081X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2017 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}