{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:17:40Z","timestamp":1782271060299,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T16:26:00Z","timestamp":1523377560000},"page":"498-507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: Current concepts"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Stringer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisa N.","family":"Femia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0005","series-title":"De l\u2019asphyxie locale et de la gangr\u00e8ne sym\u00e9trique des extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s","author":"Raynaud","year":"1862"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.020","article-title":"International consensus criteria for the diagnosis of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"48-49","author":"Maverakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.06.004","article-title":"Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: Pathogenesis and management","volume":"59","author":"Bakst","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(03)00019-X","article-title":"Management of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon and digital ischemic lesions in scleroderma","volume":"29","author":"Hummers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20988","article-title":"The incidence and natural history of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in the community","volume":"52","author":"Suter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.07.037","article-title":"Incidence and natural history of Raynaud phenomenon: A long-term follow-up (14 years) of a random sample from the general population","volume":"44","author":"Carpentier","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21912","article-title":"Transition from primary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon to secondary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon identified by diagnosis of an associated disease: Results of ten years of prospective surveillance","volume":"54","author":"Hirschl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev201","article-title":"Consensus best practice pathway of the UK Scleroderma Study Group: Digital vasculopathy in systemic sclerosis","volume":"54","author":"Hughes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03348657","article-title":"Remission of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon after L-thyroxine therapy in a patient with hypothyroidism","volume":"15","author":"Lateiwish","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960060613","article-title":"Hypothyroidism, Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon, and acute myocardial infarction in a young woman","volume":"6","author":"Sipil\u00e4","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1980.00330180106029","article-title":"Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon and thyroid deficiency","volume":"140","author":"Shagan","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2016.04.001","article-title":"Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"30","author":"Hughes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.03.2012.5985","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon manifesting before the diagnosis of lung cancer","volume":"2012","author":"Madabhavi","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10609.x","article-title":"Raynaud phenomenon, digital gangrene and hypergammaglobulinaemic purpura occurring in a patient with IgG4-related disease","volume":"165","author":"Ikawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0075","series-title":"Raynaud\u2019s Phenomenon","first-page":"21","article-title":"Epidemiology of Raynaud\u2019s Phenomenon","author":"Maundrell","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0080","first-page":"879","article-title":"Geographic variation in the prevalence of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: A 5 region comparison","volume":"24","author":"Maricq","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2150","article-title":"Epidemiologic survey of vibration syndrome among riveters, chippers and grinders in the railroad system of the People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"12","author":"Zeng-Shun","year":"1986","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(86)90109-8","article-title":"Prevalence of Raynaud phenomenon in the general population. A preliminary study by questionnaire","volume":"39","author":"Maricq","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-002-0007-z","article-title":"Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: Epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"4","author":"Fraenkel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199902)42:2<306::AID-ANR13>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Different factors influencing the expression of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in men and women","volume":"42","author":"Fraenkel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0105","first-page":"697","article-title":"Prevalence of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in 2 ethnic groups in the general population of Estonia","volume":"25","author":"Valter","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.1.221","article-title":"Demographic, social and clinical correlates of Raynaud phenomenon","volume":"20","author":"Keil","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.06.007","article-title":"Smoking, alcohol consumption, and Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in middle age","volume":"120","author":"Suter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(91)90026-6","article-title":"Prevalence of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in Japanese males and females","volume":"44","author":"Harada","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.51.9.603","article-title":"Hand-arm vibration syndrome and dose-response relation for vibration induced white finger among quarry drillers and stonecarvers. Italian Study Group on Physical Hazards in the Stone Industry","volume":"51","author":"Bovenzi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200000177","article-title":"Vibration-induced multifocal neuropathy in forestry workers: Electrophysiological findings in relation to vibration exposure and finger circulation","volume":"73","author":"Bovenzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749709115830","article-title":"Prevalence of Raynaud phenomenon in Tartu and Tartumaa, Southern Estonia","volume":"26","author":"Valter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.7.448","article-title":"Prevalence of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in Great Britain and its relation to hand transmitted vibration: A national postal survey","volume":"57","author":"Palmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(99)00005-0","article-title":"Association between cigarette and alcohol consumption and Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"52","author":"Palesch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979404500802","article-title":"Primary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"45","author":"Planchon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006389","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and associations of primary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"5","author":"Garner","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5638","key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/270624a0","article-title":"\u03b1 adrenoreceptors but not \u03b2 adrenoreceptors increase in rabbit uterus with oestrogen","volume":"270","author":"Roberts","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0165","first-page":"H450","article-title":"Effects of estradiol on release and disposition of norepinephrine from nerve endings","volume":"239","author":"Hamlet","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2014.09.003","article-title":"Reduced levels of S-nitrosothiols in plasma of patients with systemic sclerosis and Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"63","author":"Kundu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0175","first-page":"1268","article-title":"Localization of endothelin-1 and its binding sites in scleroderma skin","volume":"21","author":"Vancheeswaran","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8724","key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92766-B","article-title":"Serum endothelin-1 concentrations and cold provocation in primary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"336","author":"Zamora","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.96","article-title":"The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Raynaud phenomenon","volume":"8","author":"Herrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0190","first-page":"1643","article-title":"The pathogenic role of autoantibodies to nuclear autoantigens in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)","volume":"32","author":"Sen\u00e9cal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"16 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0195","first-page":"135","article-title":"Studies in patients with connective tissue disorders","author":"Maricq","year":"1977","journal-title":"Bibl Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780240907","article-title":"Widefield capillary microscopy. Technique and rating scale for abnormalities seen in scleroderma and related disorders","volume":"24","author":"Maricq","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.6.595","article-title":"Outcomes in primary Raynaud phenomenon","volume":"158","author":"Spencer-Green","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.07819.x","article-title":"Assessment of nailfold capillaroscopy by \u05e030 digital epiluminescence (dermoscopy) in patients with Raynaud phenomenon","volume":"156","author":"Beltr\u00e1n","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1206-5","article-title":"Absence of scleroderma pattern at nail fold capillaroscopy valuable in the exclusion of scleroderma in unselected patients with Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"17","author":"Bissell","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3902","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24038","article-title":"Autoantibodies and microvascular damage are independent predictive factors for the progression of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon to systemic sclerosis: A twenty-year prospective study of 586 patients, with validation of proposed criteria for early systemic sclerosis","volume":"58","author":"Koenig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0225","article-title":"Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","author":"Ennis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1507638","article-title":"Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"375","author":"Wigley","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2017.1279052","article-title":"Therapeutic implications from the pathogenesis of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"13","author":"Herrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23938.x","article-title":"Infrared-mediated hyperthermia is effective in the treatment of scleroderma-associated Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"125","author":"Foerster","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp013013","article-title":"Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"347","author":"Wigley","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh390","article-title":"Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: A meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.04.037","article-title":"Sildenafil for the treatment of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"55","author":"Heymann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10628","article-title":"Use of sildenafil citrate in Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: Comment on the article by Thompson et al","volume":"48","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.523324","article-title":"Sildenafil in the treatment of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon resistant to vasodilatory therapy","volume":"112","author":"Fries","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202836","article-title":"Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors for the treatment of secondary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"72","author":"Roustit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-207001","article-title":"Efficacy of sildenafil on ischaemic digital ulcer healing in systemic sclerosis: The placebo-controlled SEDUCE study","volume":"75","author":"Hachulla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.3.324","article-title":"Digital vascular response to topical glyceryl trinitrate, as measured by laser Doppler imaging, in primary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon and systemic sclerosis","volume":"41","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/34.7.636","article-title":"Sustained-release transdermal glyceryl trinitrate patches as a treatment for primary and secondary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"34","author":"Teh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24351","article-title":"MQX-503, a novel formulation of nitroglycerin, improves the severity of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-201536","article-title":"A multi-centre, blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled, laboratory-based study of MQX-503, a novel topical gel formulation of nitroglycerine, in patients with Raynaud phenomenon","volume":"72","author":"Hummers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22965","article-title":"Prevention of vascular damage in scleroderma and autoimmune Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor quinapril","volume":"56","author":"Gliddon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199912)42:12<2646::AID-ANR21>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Losartan therapy for Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon and scleroderma: Clinical and biochemical findings in a fifteen-week, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Dziadzio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/000331976001100301","article-title":"Raynaud\u2019s disease, Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon, and serotonin","volume":"11","author":"Halpern","year":"1960","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780270204","article-title":"Treatment of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon with ketanserin, a selective antagonist of the serotonin2 (5-HT2) receptor","volume":"27","author":"Seibold","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8961","key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92582-1","article-title":"Serotonin reuptake inhibitors in Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"345","author":"Jaffe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979304400213","article-title":"Case of fluoxetine-induced remission of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon\u2014a case report","volume":"44","author":"Bolte","year":"1993","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.9.1038","article-title":"Treatment of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine","volume":"40","author":"Coleiro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20676","article-title":"Digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: Prevention by treatment with bosentan, an oral endothelin receptor antagonist","volume":"50","author":"Korn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.130658","article-title":"Bosentan treatment of digital ulcers related to systemic sclerosis: Results from the RAPIDS-2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Matucci-Cerinic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0558-9","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of ambrisentan on digital microvascular flow in patients with systemic sclerosis using laser Doppler perfusion imaging: A 12-week randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Bose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0355","series-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","article-title":"Iloprost and cisaprost for Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis","author":"Pope","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-3-199402010-00004","article-title":"Intravenous iloprost infusion in patients with Raynaud phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis: A multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind study","volume":"120","author":"Wigley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00011223","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis therapy with iloprost: A prospective observational study of 30 patients treated for a median of 3 years","volume":"21","author":"Bettoni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6673","key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6673.561","article-title":"Comparison of intravenous infusions of iloprost and oral nifedipine in treatment of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in patients with systemic sclerosis: a double blind randomised study","volume":"298","author":"Rademaker","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.02.004","article-title":"A pilot trial of treprostinil for the treatment and prevention of digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"54","author":"Chung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-132-6-200003210-00002","article-title":"Continuous intravenous epoprostenol for pulmonary hypertension due to the scleroderma spectrum of disease","volume":"132","author":"Badesch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.06.029","article-title":"A pilot study evaluating the efficacy of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of Raynaud phenomenon","volume":"69","author":"Jenkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40123","article-title":"The therapeutic efficacy of botulinum toxin in treating scleroderma-associated Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"69","author":"Bello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.1990.tb00247.x","article-title":"The effect of sympathetic blockade and cooling in Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"10","author":"Engelhart","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0400","first-page":"1788","article-title":"A systematic review of the outcomes of digital sympathectomy for treatment of chronic digital ischemia","volume":"30","author":"Kotsis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181905725","article-title":"Reoperative digital sympathectomy in refractory Raynaud\u02bcs phenomenon","volume":"123","author":"Dorafshar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0410","first-page":"168","article-title":"Cervicothoracic sympathectomy for Raynaud\u2019s syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Lowell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2015.0470","article-title":"Transareolar single-port needlescopic thoracic sympathectomy under intravenous anesthesia without intubation: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2006.01.017","article-title":"Thoracoscopic sympathectomy for Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon\u2014a long term follow-up study","volume":"32","author":"Thune","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0425","first-page":"499","article-title":"Long-term low molecular weight heparin therapy for severe Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: A pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Denton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2015.56.5.1227","article-title":"Effect of triflusal on primary vascular dysregulation compared with aspirin: A double-blind, randomized, crossover trial","volume":"56","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1072-1","article-title":"Clopidogrel treatment may associate with worsening of endothelial function and development of new digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis: Results from an open label, proof of concept study","volume":"17","author":"Ntelis","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0440","first-page":"1801","article-title":"Statins: Potentially useful in therapy of systemic sclerosis-related Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon and digital ulcers","volume":"35","author":"Abou-Raya","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-009-0199-4","article-title":"Long-term beneficial effects of statins on vascular manifestations in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Kuwana","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-010-0065-x","article-title":"Management of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in the patient with connective tissue disease","volume":"12","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/000331978703800801","article-title":"Functional vascular disorders: Treatment with pentoxifylline","volume":"38","author":"Neirotti","year":"1987","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1989.tb00917.x","article-title":"Treatment of peripheral gangrene due to systemic sclerosis with intravenous pentoxifylline","volume":"14","author":"Goodfield","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0465","first-page":"2257","article-title":"Intravenous N-acetylcysteine for treatment of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis: A pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Sambo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0470","unstructured":"Herrick AL, Hollis S, Schofield D, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of antioxidant therapy in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 18:349-356."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0475","first-page":"2389","article-title":"Skin blood flow in patients with systemic sclerosis and Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: Effects of oral L-arginine supplementation","volume":"26","author":"Khan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0480","series-title":"Guanidino Compounds in Biology and Medicine","first-page":"139","article-title":"Oral L-arginine can reverse digital necrosis in Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","author":"Rembold","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1209655","article-title":"Riociguat for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"369","author":"Ghofrani","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00438","article-title":"Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: A brief review of the underlying mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Fardoun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21622","article-title":"Efficacy of Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil in secondary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"64","author":"Fava","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0738081X1830066X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0738081X1830066X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T22:46:17Z","timestamp":1571093177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0738081X1830066X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0738081X1830066X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0738-081X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0738-081X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: Current concepts","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}