{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:09:10Z","timestamp":1790690950380,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:33:06Z","timestamp":1788949986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-resolution ultrasound in alopecia: Principles, sonoanatomy, and imaging patterns"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Mac\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Kroumpouzos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475421999326","article-title":"Overview of ultrasound imaging applications in dermatology","volume":"25","author":"Almuhanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2024.05.006","article-title":"Ultrasonographic features of nonvascular complications of hyaluronic acid fillers: a retrospective study at a reference center for dermatologic ultrasonography","volume":"42","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-026-05744-z","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging of high-risk facial areas for injectables: a practical guide for common scenarios","volume":"50","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.01.048","article-title":"Complications of fillers in the lips and perioral area: prevention, assessment, and management focusing on ultrasound guidance","volume":"84","author":"Kroumpouzos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/22636640","article-title":"Sonography in pathologies of scalp and hair","volume":"85","author":"Wortsman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.14888","article-title":"Ultrasound characteristics of the hair follicles and tracts, sebaceous glands, Montgomery glands, apocrine glands, and arrector pili muscles","volume":"38","author":"Wortsman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61020220","article-title":"High-frequency and ultra-high-frequency ultrasound in dermatologic diseases and aesthetic medicine","volume":"61","author":"Argalia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17079","article-title":"Common causes of hair loss - clinical manifestations, trichoscopy and therapy","volume":"35","author":"Alessandrini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2021.04.008","article-title":"Ultra high-frequency ultrasound with seventy-MHz transducer in hair disorders: development of a novel noninvasive diagnostic methodology","volume":"102","author":"Kinoshita-Ise","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13018","article-title":"Suitability of high-frequency ultrasonography (20 MHz) in evaluation of various forms of primary cicatricial alopecia in relation to trichoscopy - pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Mikiel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12930","article-title":"High-frequency ultrasonography of the scalp - comparison of ultrasound and trichoscopic images in healthy individuals","volume":"27","author":"Mikiel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13863","article-title":"High-frequency ultrasonography of the scalp: a comparison between androgenetic alopecia and healthy volunteers","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0013","unstructured":"JAMA Network Open. Instructions for authors: ratings of the quality of the evidence. Available at: https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/pages\/instructions-for-authors#SecRatingsofQuality. Accessed August 20, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2023.11.001","article-title":"How to start on dermatologic ultrasound: basic anatomical concepts, guidelines, technical considerations, and best tips","volume":"45","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound CT MR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.15.06046","article-title":"Guidelines for performing dermatologic ultrasound examinations by the DERMUS Group","volume":"35","author":"Wortsman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0016","first-page":"810","article-title":"A preliminary study on ultrasound techniques applied to cicatricial alopecia","volume":"25","author":"Kaya \u0130slamo\u011flu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13004","article-title":"Colour Doppler ultrasound study in patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia","volume":"27","author":"Porri\u00f1o-Bustamante","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-024-00966-w","article-title":"Trichosonography: ultrasound of alopecias and hair disorders","volume":"28","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Cuadrado","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ultrasound"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0019","series-title":"Atlas of Dermatologic Ultrasound","author":"Wortsman","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15030332","article-title":"High-frequency ultrasonography in hair and nail disorders-how it may be helpful","volume":"15","author":"Pola\u0144ska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.33.7.1265","article-title":"Hair morphology in androgenetic alopecia: sonographic and electron microscopic studies","volume":"33","author":"Wortsman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-7310(16)30009-6","article-title":"Ecotomograf\u00eda Doppler color de cuero cabelludo y pelo [Color Doppler ultrasound of the scalp and hair]","volume":"106","author":"Wortsman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7349","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S542000","article-title":"Androgenetic alopecia: an update on pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14488","article-title":"The place of B-mode ultrasonography, shear-wave elastography, and superb microvascular imaging in the pre-diagnosis of androgenetic alopecia","volume":"21","author":"Ten","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0025","article-title":"Sonographic comparison of subcutaneous fat layer thickness in the scalp area in patients with androgenetic alopecia compared to healthy individuals: cross-sectional","volume":"31","author":"Tabatabaiei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/12034754231168839","article-title":"Alopecia areata: an updated review for 2023","volume":"27","author":"Sibbald","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2020.102641","article-title":"Usefulness of high-frequency ultrasonography in the assessment of alopecia areata - comparison of ultrasound images with trichoscopic images","volume":"39","author":"Mikiel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol Alergol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0028","first-page":"333","article-title":"Non-invasive techniques for evaluating alopecia areata","volume":"18","author":"Paun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Maedica (Bucur)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0029","first-page":"12","article-title":"In vivo visualization of hair follicles by ultrasound biomicroscopy in alopecia areata and its correlation with histopathology","volume":"23","author":"El-Zawahry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol Croat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bjhh24","DOI":"10.62742\/2965-7911.2025.2.bjhh24","article-title":"Multiparametric ultrasound assessment of alopecia areata plaque with atrophy after serial corticosteroid infusion","volume":"2","author":"Pimentel Neto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Braz J Hair Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-024-00912-w","article-title":"Frontal fibrosing alopecia: an update","volume":"26","author":"Messenger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.16751","article-title":"Cross-sectional analysis of subclinical findings using high-frequency ultrasound in frontal fibrosing alopecia","volume":"44","author":"Giavedoni","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13074","article-title":"Evaluation of frontal fibrosing alopecia with ultra-high-frequency ultrasound","volume":"27","author":"\u00c1vila de Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4103\/ijt.ijt_58_19","article-title":"Ultrasonographic characteristics of frontal fibrosing alopecia","volume":"11","author":"Moreno-Arrones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Trichology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/RUQ.0000000000000473","article-title":"Images in scalp ultrasound before and after hair transplant in frontal fibrosing alopecia","volume":"37","author":"Whittle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203304lu1041oa","article-title":"Scarring alopecia in discoid lupus erythematosus: a clinical, histopathologic and immunopathologic study","volume":"13","author":"Fabbri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0037","article-title":"Treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus scarring alopecia with deucravacitinib: a case report","volume":"13","author":"Aw","year":"2025","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.07.006","article-title":"Novel diagnostic imaging features of facial lupus panniculitis: ultrasound, CT, and MR imaging with histopathology correlate","volume":"58","author":"Kimball","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.70208","article-title":"High-frequency ultrasonography in cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"31","author":"Karasi\u0144ska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.07.050","article-title":"Updates in therapeutics for folliculitis decalvans: a systematic review with evidence-based analysis","volume":"80","author":"Rambhia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4103\/ijt.ijt_85_16","article-title":"Trichoscopic features of folliculitis decalvans: results in 58 patients","volume":"9","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Crehuet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Trichology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-026-01028-z","article-title":"Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp: current insights and therapeutic advances","volume":"27","author":"Valtellini","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0043","article-title":"Deeper seated than skin deep: report of a rare case of follicular occlusion tetrad and a literature review","volume":"15","author":"Ng-Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4103\/ijt.ijt_2_17","article-title":"Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp early diagnosed by color Doppler ultrasound","volume":"9","author":"Cataldo-Cerda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Trichology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23835","article-title":"In vivo imaging techniques for the human scalp: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"56","author":"Hedayati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16691","article-title":"The transformative potential of AI in ultrasound for facial aesthetics","volume":"24","author":"Haykal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0738081X26002324?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0738081X26002324?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:52:16Z","timestamp":1790689936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0738081X26002324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0738081X26002324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0738-081X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0738-081X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"High-resolution ultrasound in alopecia: Principles, sonoanatomy, and imaging patterns","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2026.09.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}